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chem > 4.2 > Flashcards

4.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

primary alcohol

A

one carbon is attached to the carbon bonded to the OH

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2
Q

secondary alcohol

A

2 carbons are attached to the carbon bonded to the OH

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3
Q

tertiary alcohol

A

3 carbons are attached to the carbon bonded to the OH

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4
Q

what’s the oxidising agent for alcohols and what happens to it

A

acidified potassium chromate, its reduced and the alcohol is oxidised

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5
Q

what are primary alcohols oxidised to if the oxidation is carried out under distillation

A

primary alcohols to aldehydes

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6
Q

what are primary alcohols oxidised to if the oxidation is reflux

A

primary alcohols to carboxylic acids

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7
Q

definition of reflux

A

heating chemicals strongly) while cooling the vapour into a liquid using a condenser

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8
Q

what are secondary alcohols oxidised to

A

to form ketones

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9
Q

are tertiary alcohols oxidised in these conditions

A

no

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10
Q

what does tollens reagent, fehlings solution and *k2Cr2O2/H2SO4 oxidise a aldehyde to

A

aldehyde to carboxylic acid

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11
Q

what does [O] mean

A

oxidising agent

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12
Q

what happens when a primary alcohol is oxidised twice

A

in equation its 2[O] and the primary alcohol is oxidised into a carboxylic acid.

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13
Q

with oxidation of alcohols what do you use to oxidise them

A

acidified potassium dichromate

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14
Q

in order to vigorously oxidise something, what do u do

A

use reflux

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15
Q

to get an aldehyde from a primary alcohol, what do u do

A

distil

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16
Q

what do u do for:

  • primary alcohol to aldehyde
  • primary alcohol to carboxylic acid
A
  • distil

- reflux

17
Q

what are haloalkanes

A

alkanes with halogen atoms

18
Q

talk about the bond in haloalkanes and what does this mean

A
  • the bond is polar

- the delta + carbon is deficient thus can get attacked by a nucleophile

19
Q

whats a nucleophile and what are some examples

A

an electron pair donor- it could be a negative ion or atom with a lone pair of electrons
OH-, CN- and NH3. water is a weak nucleophile

20
Q

halogenoalkanes can be hydrolysed to make alcohols, what type of reaction is this

A

nucleophilic substitution

21
Q

halogenoalkanes can be hydrolysed to make alcohols, what compounds are needed for this reaction to take place

A

a warm aqueous alkali, e.g sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide

22
Q

which halogenoalkanes are hydrolysed the slowest

A

fluoroalkanes hydrolyse the slowest as they have the strongest bonds

23
Q

describe the test used to highlight the rate of reaction with haloalkanes- 2-iodopropane, bromoalkene, chloroalkane

A
  • mix haloalkane with water (a nucleophile so nucleophilic sub takes place) to form an alcohol
  • put in silver nitrate so the silver will react with the halide.
  • heat in waterbath
  • yellow precipitate form quickly with 2-iodopropane so iodoalkanes are most reactive
  • bromoalkenes react slower and chloroalkanes react the slowest- both form a white precipitate
24
Q

what are CFCs

A

chlorofluorocarbons

  • contain only fluorine, chlorine and carbon
  • they’re very stable, volatile, non flammable and non toxic
  • scientists discovered they’re destroying the ozone layer
25
Q

how is ozone formed naturally

A

when an oxygen molecule is broken down into two free radicals by uv radiation, the free radicals attack other oxygen molecules forming ozone
O2—UV–>O+O—->O2+O–>O3

26
Q

why are holes in the ozone layer forming

A

because CFCs in the upper atmosphere absorb UV radiation and split to form chlorine free radicals- they destroy ozone molecules and regenerate to destroy more ozone

27
Q

draw the mechanism of CFCs destroying ozone.

also draw the overall mechanism

A 
E.G   CF2CL2----uv---> •CF2CL+•CL
main mechanism:
Cl•+O3--->O2+CLO•
CLO•+O-->O2+CL•
(the O radical comes from the breakdown of oxygen buy UV)
-overall reaction-
O3+O-->2O2
(Cl• is the catalyst)
28
Q

what can also break down ozone apart from CFCs

A

Nitrogen oxides

29
Q

draw the mechanism for nitrogen oxides breaking down the ozone.
also draw the overall mechanism

A

O3+•NO—->O2+•NO2
•NO2+O—>•NO+O2
(the O radical comes from the breakdown of oxygen buy UV)
O3+O–>2O2

chem (14 decks)

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