Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

coasts > key words > Flashcards

key words Flashcards

1
Q

saltation

A

smaller sediment bounces along the sea bed, being pushed by currents. The sediment is too heavy to be picked up by the flow of the water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

sediment cell

A

sections of the coast border by prominent headlands. Within these sections, the movement of sediment is almost contained and the flows of sediment should act in dynamic equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sediment budget

A

use of data of inputs, outputs, stores and transfers to assess the gains and losses of sediment within a sediment cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

SMP

A

identifies all the activities, both natural and human which occur within the coastline area of each sediment cell and then recommends a combination of four actions for each stretch of that coastline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what four actions taken by SMP

A

hold the line, advance the line, managed retreat, no intervention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

subaerial processes

A

the combination of mass movement and weathering that affects the coastal land above sea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

submergent coast

A

a coast that is sinking relative to the sea level of the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

till

A

deposits of angular rock fragments in a fine medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

wave quarrying

A

when air is trapped and compressed against a cliff which causes rock fragments to break off the cliff over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

coast

A

locations where the land meets the sea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

inputs

A

energy or matter that enters the system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

outputs

A

energy or matter that leaves the system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

flows/transfers

A

movement of energy or matter within the system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

stores/components

A

when energy or matter remains within the system for a period of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

negative feedback

A

when a consequence is nullifed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

positive feedback

A

when a consequence is amplified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

example of negative feedback at the coast - CAMBER SANDS

A

tourists leads to trampling of sand dunes and damage of marram grass which lead to aeolian erosion resulting in blow outs - if left alone marram grass can release seed that will recolonies the damaged section and lower wind speeds - return the dune to normal state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how many tourists per week does camber sands experience in peak summer?

A

25,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

example of positive feedback at the coast - CAMBER SANDS

A

dominated by marram grass - in the foredune it grows vertically which lowers the wind speeds and then reudced the wind to transport sand through saltation - leads to the depositon of sand which raises the height the substrate that the marram grass is growing in. It will continue to grow taller and lower wind speeds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how much coastline in camber sands?

A

1500m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what kind of marram grass is dominated in camber sands?

A

Ammophila arenaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

where negative feedback loops create stability in the system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cause of wind energy

A

unequal levels of heating across the earth’s surface leads to areas of high and low air pressure. Air will move in to balance out the unequal pressure. = Forms convection currents that lead to surface winds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

cause of wave energy

A

friction of wind blowing across water and transferring energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

wave height

A

vertical distance between the highest and lowest point of a wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

wave crest

A

highest point of a wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

wave trough

A

lowest point of the wave

28
Q

wavelength

A

distance between two wave crests

29
Q

wave fetch

A

distance of open water that the wind blow across

30
Q

two additional factors that cause large waves

A

strenght of the wind and the duration the wind has been blowing for

31
Q

constructive waves characteristics

A

low energy
deposit materials on coast
swash is stronger than backwash

32
Q

destructive waves characteristics

A

help erode and remove sediments such as sand and rock particles
backwash is stronger than swash

33
Q

causes of tidal energy

A

sun and moon’s influence over the ocean - height difference between low and high tides gives rise to tidal currents in coastal areas, drives the turbines - tidal energy - tidal power

34
Q

Causes of ocean currents

A

ocean currents are caused by differences in water density.

35
Q

what is the process that creates deep currents called?

A

thermohaline circulation

36
Q

high energy coasts

A

these tend to be stretches of the Atlantic-facing coasts, where the waves are powerful (large fetch) for most of the year

37
Q

low energy coasts

A

stretches of the coastline where waves are not powerful often the rate of deposition exceeds the rate of erosion

38
Q

sources of sediment

A

sources are places where sediment is generated, such as cliffs of eroding sand dunes. Some sources are offshore bars and river systems and these are an important source of sediment for the coast

39
Q

sediment budget

A

sedimentary budgets are a coastal management tool used to analyse and scribe the differences sediment inputs (sources) and outputs (sinks) on the coasts

40
Q

sediment cell/littoral cell

A

a sediment cell is a largely self-contained stretch of coastline. regarded as closed systems as sediment not usually transferred from one to the other. Reality= some sediment does get transferred between neighbouring cells

41
Q

Geomorphological processes

A

any process that alters the earths surface (e.g erosional, transportation and depositional processes.)

42
Q

Sub-aerial weathering

A

the break down of rock upon the earth surface (rock broken down without movement)

43
Q

salt weathering

A

the granular disintegration or fragmentation of rock material produced by saline soiloutions or by salt-crystal growth

44
Q

freeze-thaw weathering

A

the free-thaw weathering process is also known as frost shattering. Water (e.g from rain or melted ice) becomes trapped in a crack or joint n the rock - if the air temperature drops below freezing, the water will freeze and expand by 9-10% putting pressure on the rock

45
Q

chemical weathering

A

the erosion or disintegration of rocks, building materials, etc., caused by chemical reactions rather than mechanical processes

46
Q

chelation

A

a form of chemical weathering - organic acids released during decomposition release iron and aluminium from the A horizon combine with them to form chelates

47
Q

mass movement

A

a geomorphic process - the movement of soil and rock debris down slopes under the influence of gravity

48
Q

slumping

A

downward intermittent movement of rock debris, usually the consequence of removal of buttressing earth at the foot of a slope of unconsolidated material

49
Q

rockfalls

A

free or bounding fall of rock debris down steep slopes under the influence of gravity

50
Q

regolith

A

a region of loose unconsolidated rock and dust that sits atop a layer or bedrock

51
Q

erosion

A

the breakdown of rocks by wind, water or other natural agents

52
Q

abrasion

A

a process of erosion that occurs when material wears away at the surface over time

53
Q

Hydraulic action

A

sheer power of the water as it smashes against the cliffs. Water is pressurised in cracks within the cliff face

54
Q

cavitation

A

compression of air in sea-facing joints as waves crash against cliffs can cause sea water to be severely compressed

55
Q

corrosion

A

chemical erosion - rocks or stones can be eroded as water gets into cracks and hole and dissolves the rock through chemical changes

56
Q

attrition

A

rocks and pebbles repeatedly knock into each other, causes the rocks to erode or break

57
Q

transportation

A

the movement of material in the sear and alone the coast by waves

58
Q

solution

A

rock formations such as limestones being dissolved in a river setting - carbon dioxide in the presence of water forms carbonic acid that dissolves limestone

59
Q

suspension

A

method of transporting very fine sediment in water

60
Q

traction

A

method of transportation - for large stones or boulders in a river - the stones are Rolled along the river bottom by the water as too large to be transported in the water

61
Q

swash

A

when a wave reaches the shore - the water rushes up the beach.

62
Q

backwash

A

the water that runs back down the beach

63
Q

longshore drift

A

process of transportation that shifts eroded material along the coastline - waves approach the coast at an angle

64
Q

deposition

A

laying down of sediment carried by wind, flowing water, the sea or ice - can be transported as pebbles, sand and mud or salts dissolved in water

65
Q

river competence

A

rivers and streams carry sediment that ranges in size from clay (smallest) to boulders (largest) - the competence of a rover or stream referee to the largest particles that a river can transport

66
Q

loss of capacity

A

population size decreases above carrying capacity bc of factors depending on species - including:
insufficient space, food supply, sunlight - carrying capacity of an environment varies for different species

coasts (39 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions