KEY TERMS - restless earth Flashcards
crust
the outer layer of the earth
plate
a section of the earths crust
plate margin
the boundary of where 2 plates meet
mantle
the dense mostly solid layer between the outer core and crust
convection currents
the circular currents of heat in the mantle
inner core
the centre of the earth, it is very hot here (7000 degrees C)
outer core
the outer core which surrounds the inner core
syncline
where there is a down fold in the rock
anticline
where there is a up fold in the rock
overfold
occurs when there is more pressure from one direction causing the rock to fold over (it overfolds!)
focus
the actual place where the plates move under the ground
epicentre
directly above the focus, on the surface
seismometer
the instrument that measures the earths movement
seismograph
the “drawing” which shows the earths movement on paper
Richter scale
the scale which measures the earthquakes strength
magnitude
the strength of the quake
primary effects
things that happen as a result directly after the event (e.g. deaths, damage to buildings)
secondary effects
things that happen as a result in the days, and months following (e.g. power cuts, disease outbreaks)
LIC
Low Income Country
HIC
High Income Country
immediate responses
what is done to aid a situation directly after the event (short term) (e.g. water purification tablets, temporary camps)
long term responses
what is done to aid a situation over a long period of time (e.g. rebuilding schools, and early warning systems)
3 p’s
prediction, protection, preparation
prediction
pre empting an event
protection
e.g. constructing buildings that will not collapse easily
preparation
e.g. organising activities/drills so people know what to do in the event of an disaster (like an earthquake)
tsunami
a wave train or series of waves where the entire depth of the sea or ocean is set in motion by an event- normally an earthquake- which displaces the water above and creates a huge wave
zone of subduction
where 1 plate is dragged/pushed under another causing stress at a destructive plate boundary, during the formation of ocean trenches
destructive plate boundaries
one plate descends under another via subduction.
constructive plate boundaries
2 plates move apart
collision plate boundary
2 plates moving toward each other causing earth to buckle
conservation boundary
2 plates sliding past one another
magma chamber
where the magma is stored underground
fumarole
a small vent which lets out hot gases
main vent
where most the magma rises through and goes to creator from magma chamber (magma joins from other places)
parasitic cone
small vent
crater
a bowl shaped depression at the top of the volcano
lava flow
the molten rock “river” which flows down the side of a volcano
volcanic bombs
chunks of molten lava thrown into the air ( can be as big as a car)
stream, gas, and ash
clouds of this can be emitted from the volcano
continental plate
a thick plate which is less dense than oceanic crust and is not submerged
oceanic plate
a thin plate more dense than continental crust normally submerged by water
fold mountains
created by 2 plates pushing together
ocean trenches
formed by 1 plate submerging under another
ocean ridges
underwater volcanos
mercalli scale
measure of an earthquake using observation
super volcano
volcanos which are 1000 times bigger than the average volcano
caldera
creator on the earths surface formed after super volcano
