Key Terms Flashcards
Cognate
Cognates are words which have a common origin.
There are 3 district levels:
True Cognate- The word is spelled the same, meaning the same, but pronunciation will be different according to language structure of the words such as an accent mark. Example.. English-rodeo, Spanish- rodeo
Partial Cognate- The word in other languages has the same origin but the spelling will differ. The meaning will be the same but the pronunciation due to the language structure will be different. Example…English-fragrance, Spanish- frangancia
False Cognate- The word in another language may have the same origin but will have different spelling and different meaning. Pronunciation will be different. Example..English-exit, Spanish- exito (means ‘false friend’ not exit)
Discourse
Discourse is a continuous stretch of speech or written text, going beyond a sentence to express thought.
For example: style in writing or rules of conversation. Cultural rules for conversation; ex: taking turns, opening conversation (How are you?)
We don’t write the way we speak – differences between written and spoken discourse
Graphophonics
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Language Registers
Situational context is influenced by what is being talked/written about and the relationship between those speakers. This situational context of language use is referred to as a language register.
Lexical ambiguity
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Lexicon
The knowledge that a native speaker has about a language. This includes information about:
- the form and meanings of words and phrases
- lexical categorization
- the appropriate usage of words and phrases
- relationships between words and phrases, and
- categories of words and phrases.
Phonological and grammatical rules are not considered part of the lexicon.
Morphology
The study of the internal structure of words.
Morphology can be thought of as a system of adjustments in the shapes of words that contribute to adjustments in the way speakers intend their utterances to be interpreted. In linguistics, word formation is the creation of a new word. The basic part of any word is the root. You can add a prefix at the beginning and/or a suffix at the end to change the meaning. For example, in the word “unflattering,” the root is simply “flatter,” while the prefix is “un-“.
Phoneme
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Phonics
The system of relationships between letters and sounds in a language.
Phonological Awareness
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Pragmatics
Pragmatics is the study of the aspects of meaning and language use that are dependent on the speaker, the addressee and other features of the context of utterance, such as the following:
The effect that the following have on the speaker’s choice of expression and the addressee’s interpretation of an utterance:
- Context of utterance
- Generally observed principles of communication
- The goals of the speaker
Semantics
The literal meaning of sentences, phrases, words, and morphemes.
Two ways to interpret/define semantics:
- Semantics, generally defined, the study of meaning of linguistic expressions.
- Semantics, more narrowly defined, the study of the meaning of linguistic expressions apart from consideration of the effect that pragmatic factors, such as the following, have on the meaning of language in use:
* Features of the context
* Conventions of language use
* The goals of the speaker
Semantics includes
synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, and
multiple-meaning words.
Syntax
The way words are put together in a language to form phrases, clauses, or sentences. The syntax of a language can be divided into two parts:
- Syntactic classes such as noun, verb, and adjective
- Syntactic functions, such as subject and object
Phrase and sentence structure, word order.
Cognitive approach
Increasingly favored by experts in language acquisition, emphasizes extemporaneous conversation, immersion, and other techniques intended to simulate the environment in which most people acquire their native language as children.
Transformational Grammer
Children are able to learn the superficial grammar of a particular language because all intelligible languages are founded on a deep structure of grammatical rules that are universal and that correspond to an innate capacity of the human brain.
T/F: Linguists see the earliest years of childhood as a critical period, after which the brain loses much of its facility for assimilating new languages. Most traditional methods for learning a second language involve some systematic approach to the analysis and comprehension of grammar as well as to the memorization of vocabulary.
True
The Cognitive Approach
Emphasizes extemporaneous conversation, immersion, and other techniques intended to simulate the environment in which most people acquire their native language as children.
3 types of phonics
Analytic, Embedded, and Synthetic
analogy 4th type but a subtype of analytics
