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Trevor's Research And inquiry > Key Terms > Flashcards

Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

What does the term “Knowledge Gaps” refer to in research?

A

Absence of theoretical/scientific knowledge to the phenomenon of interest

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2
Q

Epistemology is the study of _____.

A

Truth/What is known to be true.

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3
Q

Methodology is:

A

A set of rules or guidelines that direct knowledge acquisition/research

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4
Q

This viewpoint believes that a material world exists, and that it CAN be explained/observed/categorized.

A

Post-positivism

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5
Q

This viewpoint believes that reality is based on perspective and the world is a subjective place, without absolute truth.

A

Constructivism.

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6
Q

Constructivists believe that truth comes from:

A

Lived experiences or understandings

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7
Q

What is inductive reasoning?

A

Starting with specific details and moving to a broader conclusion.

“All my German friends spit when they speak, therefore all Germans must spit when they speak.”

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8
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

Starting with a broad understanding and applying it to specific circumstances.

“All humans eventually die, you are a human. You will eventually die.”

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9
Q

What is the difference between a null, directional and non-directional hypothesis?

A

Directional - specifies an expected direction of relationship between the independent + dependent variables. (positive or negative)

Non-directional - Specifies a relationship between variables, but of unknown direction. (Positive or negative)

Null-hypothesis - Specifies that Ø relationship exists between variables.

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10
Q

What is Data Saturation?

A

When you have lots of information/findings and they become repetitive. Ø new ideas forming from observation.

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11
Q

What is Purposive sampling?

A

Consciously selecting specific individuals for study who can elucidate the phenomena of interest.

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12
Q

What is inclusion criteria mean when selecting research participants. Give an example.

A

Criteria that MUST be met to take part in the research study (HIV+, pregnant, elderly, etc).

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13
Q

What is Triangulation of data mean?

A

The use of a variety of data sources in the study.

facilitates validation of data through cross verification from two or more sources

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14
Q

What is investigatory triangulation?

A

The collaboration of several researchers on a specific topic.

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15
Q

What is theory triangulation?

A

The use of multiple perspectives to analyze and understand data.

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16
Q

WHat is a Metasynthesis?

A

The integration of many studies on a single topic to better understand the topic of interest.

17
Q

WHat is the aim of phenomenology?

A

The describe a specific phenomenon of interest. “What is the meaning of pain in patients with Fibromyalgia?”

18
Q

WHat is the grounded theory method?

A

Systematic set of procedures used to explore the social processes that guide human interaction.

The generation of a theory from systematic research***

19
Q

What is an Ethnographic Method?What is it’s purpose?

A

The study of cultures with the purpose of understanding their cultural norms and beliefs.

20
Q

What are etic and emic views?

A

Etic - outsider’s view of a culture

Emic - Insider’s view of the world around them

21
Q

What is a case study? what makes it different than other studies?

A

Studying the peculiarities and commonalities of a specific case over time. It is different from other studies because it only looks at a SPECIFIC individual case.

22
Q

What is an extraneous variable?

A

An interference with the operations of the phenomena/study. (Age, gender, religion, etc).

23
Q

What is Internal Validity?

A

“How well the experiment is done”. The greater the accuracy of the study based upon circumstances surrounding the study.

24
Q

What factors might affect internal validity?

S.H.I.T.A.M.

A

S - Selection bias (Pretreatment differences between participants/anything that increases bias)

H - History (Events which can affect dependent variable)

I - Instrumentation effects (Changes in recording methods)

T - Testing effects (Changes in results due to multiple testing)

A - Attrition (Withdrawal from study, disinterest)

M - Mortality (Participants/researcher kicks the bucket)

25
Q

A study is made to evaluate the effectiveness of a breast-feeding class. Participants are placed in two groups. one that receives the class and other that do not. After 8 weeks, the babies are reassessed to determine if there is a significant increase in their ability to feed. but 50% of those who did not take the class improved their breastfeeding techniques by watching youtube. What internal threat to validity does this represent?

A

Historical

26
Q

A study is put in place to test the effectiveness of tutors for post-secondary students. Participants are tested in semester one and in their final semester. The test started with 100 participants and ended with 76. What two threats to internal validity are present?

A

Mortality - 100 to 76 participants (Students dropped out)

Maturation - Students get older and wiser by their 3rd and 4th years…

27
Q

What is external validity?

A

The applicability of a study to other populations or environmental conditions.

(Pain management in colon cancer patients _> may transfer to pain management in patients with Colitis)

28
Q

This type of experimental design lacks control and randomness, but is more practical and feasible in comparison to real-world practice.

A

Quasi-experimental design

29
Q

What is Psychometrics?

A

THe creation of a measurement tool to evaluate data in the research process (MOCA, Mini-COG, etc).

30
Q

What is a Meta-analysis?

A

Looking at multiple studies on a topic and summarizing them to create a sound conclusion or understanding.

31
Q

What is an epidemiological study?

A

Study that look at factors affecting health and illness of populations and their environmental factors (Correlation between nuclear power plants and increased cancer diagnosis or residents).

32
Q

What is representative sampling?

A

Selecting people for your study who best represent the population. (Proportions of ethnic, religious, age, and cultural subgroups).

33
Q

What is Inter-rater reliability?

A

Consistency of findings between 2 or more researchers on a specific topic. Represented as a %

34
Q

What is Test-retest reliability?

A

The stability of scores from an instrument that has been administered more than one time under similar circumstances. (Testing the effectiveness of an instrument)

35
Q

What is Criterion-related validity?

A

The relationship between participant score or performance on a research test and their behaviour.

36
Q

What is the Mode, Median and Mean?

A

Mode - Most frequent score

Median - Middle score

Mean - Average score

Trevor's Research And inquiry (4 decks)

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