FINAL EXAM GUIDE PART II Flashcards
\_\_\_ is used to hold steady the conditions of the study. A/ Reliability B/ Control C/ Maturation D/ Accuracy
B/ Control
\_\_\_ is used to indicate that all aspects of a study logically follow from the problem statement. A/ Control B/ Selection bias C/ Internal Validity D/ Accuracy
D/ Accuracy
The believability of a study in terms of the world in general is known as: A/ Internal Validity B/ External Validity C/ Selection Bias D/ Constancy
B/ External Validity
it is the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people.
Time, participant availability, equipment, money, experience are factors influencing the \_\_\_\_ of a study. A/ Feasibility B/ Accuracy C/ Reliability D/ Maturation
A/ Feasibility (Is it possible?)
Voluntary assignment to an experimental or control group condition creates a situation known as \_\_\_\_\_. A/ Control B/ Selection bias C/ Reliability D/ External Validity
B/ Selection Bias
Explain whether the following is Experimental or Quasi Experimental.
50 Teen moms are randomly assigned to an experimental parenting support group or regular support group. Before and at the end of the 3 month programs, mother-child interaction patterns are examined and compared.
Experimental
Experimental designs provide the research with control. (Control over variable, i.e. support group).
Explain whether the following is Experimental or Quasi Experimental.
Clients on two separate units are given a questionnaire on their satisfaction with the care provided on their first day, and then on the day of discharge. Clients on one floor received care from the Nurse manager, while clients on the other received care from regular nurses. Clients scores and then compared.
Quasi Experimental
A quasi-experimental design is one that looks a bit like an experimental design but lacks the key ingredient – random assignment.
A quasi-experimental design is one that looks a bit like an experimental design but lacks the key ingredient – random assignment.
Reading and language development skills are compared between a group of children with chronic otitis media and a group of children without.
Quasi Experimental
There is Ø control or randomization. It’s a simple compare and contrast
Differentiate between Experimental and quasi-experimental designs.
Quasi Experimental Designs have no control of randomness. Example would be: Reading ability between 12 years old boys and girls. You cannot make some people be Boy, and some Girls… they just are one or the other.
In experimental design, you would have control over the variable… Example: Comparing reading abilities after a group of random children receive a reading workshop and other do not… then comparing their reading skills after 2 weeks. (You control who gets the workshop and who does not).
In comparative surveys, the researcher does not manipulate the ____, but assess data to provide information for future nursing intervention studies.
Variables
Comparative survey is a research methodology in the social sciences that aims to make comparisons across different countries or cultures.
______ is the broadest category of non experimental design.
A/ Exploratory Research
B/ Survey
C/ Comparative research
D/ longitudinal Research
B/ Survey
When examining the relationship between two or more variables, the researcher is using \_\_\_\_ Design. A/ Retrospective B/ Cross-sectional C/ Correlational D/ Prospective
C/ Correlational design
A correlational study determines whether or not two variables are correlated. This means to study whether an increase or decrease in one variable corresponds to an increase or decrease in the other variable.
These designs have many similarities to quasi-experimental designs, but independent variables are pre existing.
Ex post Facto design.
Ex post facto design is a non experimental research technique in which preexisting independent variables, present prior to the study, affects the dependent variable.
“Studying the affects of Obesity on eyesight”
Group would already be obesity vs non-obese groups. (Pre Existing factor).
What kind of study is this? A study to determine the hand eye coordination of grade 5 students who cook regularly and those who do not regularly cook A/ Quasi-experimental B/ Ex Post Facto C/ Cross-sectional D/ Correlational
D/ Correlational
Studying whether a cooking ability improves hand eye coordination or not.
What kind of study is this? Studying the aggression of men with priapism. A/ Quasi-experimental B/ Ex Post Facto C/ Cross-sectional D/ Correlational
B/ Ex post facto Design
They men already have priapism and we cannot assign that to them (Pre-existing)
This design has a similarity to ex post facto design A/ Exploratory B/ Methodological C/ Cross-sectional D/ Retrospective
D/ Retrospective design
Research methods used collect data about people’s experiences of past events.
Comparing the incidences of diabetes in northern climates like Norway, compared to Non-northern climates like Portugal. Looking back the the data from those countries and seeing if there is a historical trend.
\_\_\_ Studies involve collecting data at ONE point in time, whereas \_\_\_\_ involves collecting data from the same group at different points in time. A/ Longitudinal, Descriptive B/ Descriptive, Longitudinal C/ Cross-sectional, Longitudinal D/ Cross-sectional, Descriptive.
C/ Cross-sectional, Longitudinal
Cross-sectional looks at data from a specific point
Longitudinal looks at data from the same group but at multiple points
This kind of study looks at the presumed causes and moves forward in time to the presumed events. A/ Retrospective B/ Prospective C/ Methodological D/ Your mom
B/ Prospective… looking to the future
A prospective cohort study is a cohort study that follows over time a group of similar individuals (“cohort”) who differ with respect to certain factors under study, in order to determine how these factors affect rates of a certain outcome.[1] For example, one might follow a cohort of middle-aged truck drivers who vary in terms of smoking habits, in order to test the hypothesis that the 20-year incidence rate of lung cancer will be highest among heavy smokers, followed by moderate smokers, and then nonsmokers.
This is when a researcher is trying to link present events to past events.
Retrospective design
What is the difference between Probability Sampling and nonprobability sampling?
Probability Sampling - a sampling technique wherein the samples are gathered in a process that gives all the individuals in the population equal chances of being selected.
Non-probability Sampling - samples are selected based on the subjective judgement of the researcher, rather than random selection.
If you want to study the effects of pollution on a population, you would selectively choose people who live closest to factories/industrial parks.
Determine whether the following term is an example of probability or non-probability sampling.
Convenience Sampling
non-probability
Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling technique where subjects are selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher
Determine whether the following term is an example of probability or non-probability sampling.
Purposive Sampling.
Non-probability
purposive sampling relies on the judgement of the researcher when it comes to selecting the units (e.g., people, cases/organisations, events, pieces of data) that are to be studied. Usually, the sample being investigated is quite small, especially when compared with probability sampling techniques.
Determine whether the following term is an example of probability or non-probability sampling.
Simple Random Sampling
Probability
A simple random sample is meant to be an unbiased representation of a group. An example of a simple random sample would be a group of 25 employees chosen out of a hat from a company of 250 employees. In this case, the population is all 250 employees, and the sample is random because each employee has an equal chance of being chosen.
Determine whether the following term is an example of probability or non-probability sampling.
Quota Sampling
Non-probability
Quota sampling is a non-probability sampling technique wherein the assembled sample has the same proportions of individuals as the entire population with respect to known characteristics, traits or focused phenomenon.
Determine whether the following term is an example of probability or non-probability sampling.
Stratified Random Sampling
Probability
A method of sampling that involves the division of a population into smaller groups known as strata. In stratified random sampling, the strata are formed based on members’ shared attributes or characteristics. A random sample from each stratum is taken in a number proportional to the stratum’s size when compared to the population. These subsets of the strata are then pooled to form a random sample.
What term denotes the process of translating concepts into observable and measurable phenomena? A/ Objectivism B/ Systematization C/ Subjectivism D/ Operationalization
D/ Operationalization
Operationalization is the process of strictly defining variables into measurable factors. The process defines fuzzy concepts and allows them to be measured, empirically and quantitatively.
Research questions about psychosocial variables can be best answered by using withich data-gathering technique? A/ Observation B/ Interviews C/ Questionnaires D/ ALL the above E/ None of the Above F/ Some of the above G/ Probably none of the above H/ Not E I/ Maybe like 3 or 4 of the above but no more than 4 and no less than 3.
D/ All the above
Which of the following terms denotes the collection of data from each participant in the same or similar manner? A/ Repetition B/ Dualism C/ Consistency D/ Recidivism
C/ Consistency
Which term would best describe the consistency of observations between observers? A/ Intra-rater reliability B/ Inter-rater reliability C/ Consistency reliability D/ Repetitive realiability
B/ Inter-rater reliability
Inter = people Intra = person
Physiological and biological measurements might be used by nurse researchers when studying which of the following variables?
A/ Comparison of nurses ACT scores and GPAs
B/ Hypertensive clients’ response to stress tests
C/ Children’s dietary patterns
D/ The degree of pain relief achieved after guided imagery
E/ All the above
F/ A and C
G/ B and D
B and D
Scientific observations should fulfill which of the following conditions?
A/ Observations are consistent with the study objectives
B/ Observations are standardized and systematically recorded
C/ Observations are checked and controlled.
D/ All the above
D/ All the above
In an unstructured observation, which of the following may occur? Select all that apply
A/ Extensive field notes are recorded
B/ Participants are told which behaviours are being recorded
C/ The researcher frequently records interesting anecdotes.
D/ All the above
C/ Anecdotes
T or F? The researcher who invests significant time developing an instrument has a professional responsibility to publish the results.
True.
Publish the damn results.
To evaluate the adequacy of various data collection methods, which of the following should be observed in the written research report?
A/ Clear identification of the rationale for selecting a physiological measure
B/ Observational measures that address the problems of bias and reactivity
C/ Clear explanation of how interviews were conducted and how the interviewers were trained.
D/ All the above
D/ All the above. All of it. Every single part of that question is right.
Every. single. damn. part. of. it.
What is a systematic error in research studies?
Systematic errors result from bias in measurement or estimation strategies and are evident in the consistent over- or underestimation of key parameters.
Systematic errors in experimental observations usually come from the measuring instruments. They may occur because:
there is something wrong with the instrument or its data handling system, or
because the instrument is wrongly used by the experimenter.
Decide whether the following is a systematic or random error.
The scale used to measure daily weight is inaccurate, reading 1500g less that the actual weight.
Systematic error
Error could be avoided by proper calibration of scale
Decide whether the following is a systematic or random error.
The evaluators were confused about how to score wound healing.
Random Error
Lessen error by training them and providing strict guidelines and rules in grading wounds.
Decide whether the following is a systematic or random error.
The subjects were nervous about taking the psychological test
Random Error
Decrease anxiety by addressing their fears and providing comfort measures for anxiety.
\_\_\_\_ is an intuitive, preliminary type of instrument evaluation. A/ Face validity B/ Construct validity C/ Concurrent validity D/ criterion-related validity
A/ Face validity
Face validity is a simple form of validity in which researchers determine if the test seems to measure what is intended to measure. Essentially, researchers are simply taking the validity of the test at face value by looking at whether a test appears to measure the target variable.
What is concurrent validity?
It refers to the extent to which the results of a particular test, or measurement, correspond to those of a previously established measurement for the same construct.
Do the results of your test correspond with previous tests used by the same instrument of measurement?
What is construct validity?
Construct validity is “the degree to which a test measures what it claims, or purports, to be measuring.”
\_\_\_\_ validity was supported with a correlation of 0.42 between the KUNT-attractiveness scale and QRS slut-identification scale. A/ Concurrent B/ Construct C/ Convergent D/ Divergent
C/ Divergent Validity
tests that constructs that should have no relationship do, in fact, not have any relationship.
The results of the \_\_\_ were that all items clustered around three factors, lending to the support of the notion that there are 3 dimensions of being a slut. A/ Factor analysis B/ Test-retest C/ Content D/ Recidivism test
A/ Factor analysis
a statistical method used to describe variability among observed, correlated variables in terms of a potentially lower number of unobserved variables called factors.
The observations were rated by 69 experts. The \_\_\_ reliability among the observers was 94% A/ Intra-rater B/ Test-retest C/ Inter-rater D/ Content
C/ Inter-rater reliability
the degree of agreement among raters. It gives a score of how much homogeneity, or consensus, there is in the ratings given by judges.
The assess \_\_\_\_ reliability, subjects completed the locus-of-control questionnaire at the beginning of the project and 2 weeks later. The correlation of 0.86 supports the stability of the concept. A/ Test-retest B/ Concurrent C/ Content D/ Intra-rater
A/ test-retest reliability
Repeatability or test–retest reliability is the variation in measurements taken by a single person or instrument on the same item, under the same conditions, and in a short period of time.
(Doing the test multiple times to see if it is valid)
The results of the A.S.S.-test were highly correlated with the test results of a test measuring Genital herpes. This established \_\_\_ validity. A/ Content B/ Concurrent C/ Convergent D/ Divergent
C/ Concurrent
a measure of how well a particular test correlates with a previously validated measure
What does saturation mean in qualitative research? A/ Data repetition B/ Subject exhaustion C/ Researcher exhaustion D/ Sample size
A/ Data repetition = Saturation
How is data often collected in qualitative research?
A/ Questionnaires sent to subjects
B/ Observation of subjects in natural settings
C/ Interviews
D/ All the above
B/ or C/
This refers to the grouping of data. A/ Coding B/ Themes C/ Data Reduction D/ Thematic analysis
B/ Themes
This is the process of recognizing emergent themes. A/ Coding B/ Themes C/ Data Reduction D/ Thematic analysis
D/ Thematic analysis
It emphasizes pinpointing, examining, and recording patterns (or “themes”) within data
T or F? Qualitative data analysis always proceeds in a linear fashion.
False.
Qualitative analysis can progress in a linear fashion, but it is often cyclical,
where the researchers go back to earlier work to refine the coding and modify the themes.
Qualitative research software can only organize data. T or F?
True.
It’s pretty friggin useless.
What is a sampling error?
Sampling error occurs because researchers draw different subjects from the same population but still, the subjects have individual differences. Keep in mind that when you take a sample, it is only a subset of the entire population; therefore, there may be a difference between the sample and population.
When a research hypothesis is supported through testing, it may be assumed that it was which of the following? A/ Proved B/ Accepted C/ Rejected D/ Disconfirmed
B/ Accepted
The ‘Limitations” of a study describes it’s weakness. T or F?
True.
Which of the following is NOT found in the results sections of a research study? A/ Results of hypothesis testing B/ Tables and figures C/ Description of statistical tests D/ limitations of the study
D/ Limitations of the study are not found in the results section.
Tables in research reports should do all the following, EXCEPT. A/ Be clear and concise B/ Restate the text C/ "Economize" the text D/ Supplement the text
B/ Restate
