key terms Flashcards
Multinationalism
Multinationalism can refer to the existence of multiple nations or ethnic groups within a single state, or it can refer to the global operations of corporations that function across national borders
North American Integration
North American integration refers to the process of deepening economic, political, and social cooperation among the countries of North America—primarily the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
(example: USMCA - established to reduce barriers and improve trade relations among the three major countries of NA)
regional federalism
system of government where central government shares power with regional government (like states or provinces). This allows each region to have authority on certain issues while still being apart of a larger nation.
To put it in perspective
central govnt is the highest level of governement and they have the power to handle national affairs ex.) bypass laws that regard the WHOLE country
regional government: governs a specific region or area and are responsible for local issues like school, roads, healthcare and laws of that region
CONfederation
independent states or regions can come together to form a loose alliance or a union while still maintaining their independence/soverneighty. In a confederation it will shift the power over from the central govnt to regional governments and now central governments having little power and really can only take care of a few areas like defence or trade whereas regional governments maintain primary authority over most issues and often can overrule a demand by the central government
essentially regional government has more power and the central government has limited power
upper and lower canada (history of early nationalism)
Upper and Lower Canada were the two divisions in british-north america composed of upper which was primarily british or anglophone and lower canada was mostly francophone. The achievement of the 13 colonies by Britain created upper and lower Canada.
Tensions grew high between upper and lower canada based on linguistic (english vs french), lower canada felt alienated by upper canada, and religious tensions because anglophone is protestant and francophones are catholic.
Resentment became violent and rebellions formed in 1837-1838.
francophone
Francophone refers to a person or group that speaks French as their first language or apart of a community where french is dominantly used
anglophone
Anglophone refers to a person or community that speaks English as their first language
1837 rebellions
durham report
British official known as Lord Durham went to cansda to investigate the cause of the conflict and produced the Durham report in which he recommended solutions to the conflict
3 recommendations
1.) one country: unite upper and lower canada (act of union created)
2.) assimilate francophone into british culture
3.) establish responsible govnt
act of union - Canada
merge upper and lower Canada into one country (Canada) which it wold have one responsible/single government. It was designed to resolve conflict between french and english speaking settlers to become a more unified nation-state.
regionalism
many Canadians identify strongly with their region/province because each region has distinct qualities that make them unique from each other. For example people from the eastern province call themselves maritimers. National identity can be undermined by regionalism because it can cause regional groups to prioritize their own cultural ways that differ from the interests of the national culture, more people to identify with their region rather than the nation as a whole leading to separation.
self-determination
the right of the people to make their own decisions and determine their OWN future but not breaking away entirely from their nation state. (examples: regions may want more control but still remain apart of a larger country)
soverneighty
the authority of a country to govern itself without interference from outside forces. They want to have full control their laws, territory, and decisions. (e.g. quebec wanted to achieve soverneighty)
Bilingualism Act 1969
made English and French the official language of Canada. This act made sure to protect Francophone language by making schools bilingual. The establishment of this act was aimed at recognizing cultural and linguistic diversity so everyone could be unified.
Multiculturalism Act 1988
Act established to respect diversity and provide support for ethnic and linguistic diversity in Canada. Minorities were encourage to maintain their languages and values and governments would fund multicultural celebrations.
Bill 101
implemented to make the French the official language of Quebec. This caused some tension and some anglophones left Quebec.
FLQ Crisis/October crisis 1969
Small group of DEDICATED Quebecois nationalists who believed Quebec should be its OWN nation, independent from the nation-state Canada (basically wanted soverneighty). Protests turned into terrorism, they started to bomb parliaments, kidnap politicians, and murder. Pierre implemented war measures act to give more power to hte police to find the kidnappers. This established great tension between Quebecois and federal governments.
Quiet Revolution
The behind the scenes transformation of Quebecs society where they became more modernized and self reliant. They started to create their own things and ask for more autonomy over their nation.
land claims
Affirmations to individuals, groups, or governments rights to ownership of land
(example: treaty land claims for Indigenous peoples were established to make sure that their rights to their land were fullfilled due to historic tensions and promsies not being fullfilled by governments, this coud be money compensation, control, etc).
treaty
parties to resolve disputes and provide a mutual understanding between all parties the rights and responsibilities these treaties and how they have to be full-filled and respected
(example: numbered treaties: this was corrupt and unfulfilled, Indigenous peoples had promises for the cost of their land and they never received it
another example is treaty of versailles that made germany pay reparations for the causes of the war
Pluralism
Goes from acknowledgement of differences to actually going about it, like inviting, respecting, and celebrating other cultures way of life
- Pluralism is a choice (way of life)
- Pluralism requires cooperation, respect and compromise
RESULTS
- feeling of belonging. Being able to treat people who are different than ourselves respectively
Symbolism (expression of national identity)
effective method of creating national identity, it tries to establish a nations values and history to make everyone feel like they belong and unite together, but it can be hard to find a symbol that unties all groups within a nation.
examples
Canadian Flag: the more recent flag is seen to be powerful because the maple leaf itself remains impartial due to it not having any ethnic, linguistic, or cultural meaning. It can invoke Canada being a diverse country and make everyone feel belonged
Mythology (expression of national identity)
Myths are powerful narratives about that shape national identity over a common shared history that shows how unity was achieved and created
examples
- Vimy Ridge: battle of vimy ridge where Canadian soldiers came together as a unified force to put an end to WWI. There thought of ending WWI is what was shared upon that brought canadians together
- Bastille: main event to french revolution that led to the rise of democracy and the people putting an end to the social strcuture
Institutions (expression of national identity)
They are organizations in society that are built for a certain purpose. They can go from national parks, museums, religious, educational, government, and social institutions.
RCMP
canadian national police force handles naitonal security, border control, immigration, and much more in various parts of canada.
CBC
created during the interwar period to combat the growing influence of the American radio. It tried to model the BBC (british radio) to make sure important news was being reported to Canadians. It has now been altered in French, English, and indigenous broadcasts. This serves as unity for canaidnas and gives canadians voices.
Indian Act
Implemented by canadian government to control all aspects of Indigenous life by assimilating them into canadian mainstream culture. The act defined who was status Indian and who was eligible for certain rights and benefits. People who were NOT status Indian were not protected, for example a person with Indian status was prohibited from processing intoxicants but not people with no status.
Immigration Act 1978
Redone to implement refugee protection to resettle immigrants who were facing persecution in their own country and that they would be brought to Canada to be protected and respected. This act also was trying to align with the multiculturalism policy to make Canada a more diverse country.
Chinese Head Tax
DISCRIMINATORY fee imposed by Canadian government on chinese immigrants which forced Chinese entering Canada to pay a hefty tax that was unreachable to some Chinese people as they were looking for places to settle.
Komagatu Maru
Japanese ship that became a symbol for Canadian discrimination against Chinese peoples at the time. This ship was trying to get to Canada but were denied entry once arriving there and sent back to Indian. Upon their return Immigrants were face with hostile treatment against the British people and some died.
1982 constitution
Canada gained full control of their constitution over british control. This constitution enacted the charter and rights of freedoms to grant all canadians these things.
Meech Lake Accord
accord was an attempt to bring Quebec back into the constitution when they refused to sign the act(sovereign issues). They wanted to make Quebec feel more welcomed by recognizing them as a “distinct society “to grant them more powers, but also recognizing their french culture and heritage and how sacred that is to them.
Assembly of First Nations
Advances the interests of the First Nations in Canada. Works with federal government to work towards fully developed self-determination for Indigenous peoples.
referendum
A direct vote by the CITIZENS of a country on a political issue. This serves as giving more direct democracy to the people rather than having the government decide for them.
Example: QUEBEC REFERENDUM
- two significant votes held in Canada in 1980 where Bloc Quebecois initiated a provincial referendum if Quebec should become a sovereign (Independent) from Canada. 60% voted against separation and 40% voted yes, the second time it was held under different rule 49% voted yes 50% voted no. This deepened division between Canada and Quebec.
white paper
federal government could not deny the fact that Indigenous people’s were facing serious socio-economic barriers, like greater poverty, high infant mortality, and lower life expectancy. In 1969 Pierre Trudeau revealed a plan to end the legal relationship between Indigenous and Canadian government and eliminate the Indian Act. The draft or “white paper” proposed to…
- Eliminate Indian Status
- Abolish Indian Act
- Convert reserves to private property to be sold under Indigenous peoples terms
- Gradually end all treaties
Proposal was utterly rejected. Though the white paper acknowledged inequality the Indigenous peoples were afraid this was another last minute plan in attempt to assimilate them into Canadian mainstream culture. This white paper led to more Indigenous resistance in Canada.
**essentially this white paper was a way for the Canadian government to recognize the poor choices they made but it was seen as unpromising due to past broken promises
National Identity
National identity refers to the sense of belonging and shared identity that individuals have with a particular nation or country. It is a collective identity formed by common experiences, values, traditions, that make a people of a country unite.
Sir Wilfred Laurier
Former PM of Canada he was known for expansion of territory and creating new provinces. He wanted Canada to have a balance of French and English bilingualism. He was highly admired for trying to create Canada into a place full of diversity.
Programs
what the government implements in society to achieve a specific goal focused on diversity or unity within a nation
(e.g. french or spanish)
