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Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

abacterial

A

indicates that something has no presence of bacteria in it

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2
Q

abattoir

A

a location in which animals are slaughtered; a slaughter house

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3
Q

abaxial

A

Abaxial is a term that refers to something in particular being found away from the center of the body or the body part in question.

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4
Q

abdomen

A

The abdomen is the part of the body between the chest and the hips. It contains some of the most vital organs of them all, including the stomach and intestines, the bladder, the liver, and other vital organs. Abdominal is an adjective term that refers to something pertaining to the abdomen

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5
Q

abdominal breathing

A

Abdominal breathing is an irregular type of breathing that uses the muscles in the wall of the abdomen to move air into the lungs and pump it back out. Abdominal breathing is not normal and is normally the indicator of some type of respiratory condition or infection.

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6
Q

abdominal cavity

A

The space in the abdomen that holds the major digestive organs in an animal. Normally referred to as the area between the diaphragm and the pelvis. Also referred to as the peritoneal cavity.

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7
Q

abdominal effusion

A

Refers to a condition in which fluid collects around the vital organs located inside the abdomen. This is normally the side effect of a more serious condition, like liver disease or heart disease. Certain bacterial infections can also cause the build-up of such fluid, as can certain types of cancer. An animal experiencing abdominal effusion will likely have an extremely bloated midsection.

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8
Q

abdominal wall

A

The abdominal wall is a group of bones, muscles, and vital tissues that make up the wall around the organs in the abdomen. Inside these bones, muscles, and tissues is a cavity, and the cavity is what houses the vital organs found inside the abdomen. The abdominal wall is vital for protection of these organs.

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9
Q

abdominocentesis

A

Abdominocentesis is a procedure in which a needle is inserted into the abdomen of the animal to remove fluid. In most cases, abdominocentesis is used to make a diagnosis of some sort in a sick animal.

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10
Q

abduct

A

Abduct is the opposite of adduct. It refers to the movement of something away from the animal’s midsection

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11
Q

abiotrophy

A

Abiotrophy refers to the loss of use of an organ in particular. In most cases, this is a progressive condition and is inheritable. Abiotrophy may occur in an organ, a tissue, or even the nervous system.

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12
Q

ablactate

A

To take off of the teat or to stop from nursing; to wean an animal off of its mother’s milk.

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13
Q

ablate

A

To ablate is to complete take something out of something else. Ablation (n.) refers to removal of a particular body part by cutting it out.

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14
Q

abomasopexy

A

The surgical procedure of attaching the fourth stomach (the abomasums) compartment to the abdominal wall.

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15
Q

abomasums

A

In animals, the fourth of several stomach compartments. Also referred to as the true or real stomach.

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16
Q

aboral

A

Used to describe a direction; away from or outside an animal’s mouth.

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17
Q

abort

A

To end the pregnancy early; in animals, usually used to describe similar circumstances as a ‘miscarriage’ in humans. An abortion (n.) is used to describe the ending of a pregnancy whether purposeful or accidental

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18
Q

abortive

A

Fails to work properly; unfruitful. In veterinary medicine, used to describe an animal that is barren or unable to successfully reproduce.

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19
Q

abrasion

A

An injury that has occurred in which one or more of the topmost layers of the skin are scraped away. Also known as a scrape

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20
Q

abscess

A

A localized infection, usually a lesion filled with pus. Can be large or small in size.

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21
Q

absolute age

A

In veterinary medicine, refers to an animal’s actual age in calendar years rather than the age pertaining to their development. ex: absolute age (actual age) vs. age in ‘dog years.

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22
Q

absorption

A

In veterinary medicine, the joining of already digested nutrients with the circulatory system. Absorption is how an animal’s body makes use of nutrients from food.

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23
Q

absorption rate

A

The rate at which digested nutrients enters the circulatory system.

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24
Q

abundance

A

The number of animals per unit area. ex: five horses per square acre.

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25
Q

acariasis

A

Refers to the condition of being overrun with parasites, such as ticks or mites.

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26
Q

acaricide

A

Any substance known to kill certain parasites, including ticks and mites. May be found in the form of a paste, a liquid, or a powder.

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27
Q

acarid

A

Refers to any tick or mite belonging to the order Acarina or the family Acaridae.

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28
Q

acarine

A

A mite or a tick.

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29
Q

acclimate

A

To become accustomed to new actions, surroundings, environment, or companions. Ex: a dog may need to acclimate himself to a new home upon adoption from a shelter.

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30
Q

acclimatization

A

The act of helping an animal to adjust to something or some place foreign to them.

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31
Q

accommodation

A

A process, that of adjusting the eye to see objects at a variety of distances.

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32
Q

accredited herd

A

Accredited herd is a term that is used to refer to dairy cattle that has been tested and received the certification necessary to be declared free of tuberculosis as described by the United States Department of Agriculture. To be considered part of the accredited herd, two tests given must be passed.

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33
Q

accuracy of selection

A

Accuracy of selection refers to the difference between what an animal’s breeding value was estimated to be and its actual breeding value.

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34
Q

acetabulum

A

The socket that holds the head of the femur, found in the pelvis of a given animal.

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35
Q

acetic acid

A

Chemically described as CH3COOH. In the veterinary context, acetic acid is used in the fermentation of lactic acid and a necessary component of taste in certain dairy products.

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36
Q

acetic bacteria

A

The bacteria that is involved with turning alcohol into acetic acid.

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37
Q

acetic fermentation

A

Acetic fermentation is the process of turning ethyl alcohol into acetic acid with the use of fermenting bacteria.

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38
Q

acetone

A

Chemically described as CH3COCH3, created from the fermentation of sugar and starch. Acetone can be found in the urine of a diabetic animal, the breath of certain lactating animals, and in blood. When found in lactating animals, acetone indicates a deficiency, usually of carbohydrates resulting from an inability to properly oxidize fat in feed.

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39
Q

acetonemia

A

Acetonemia is a disease. It involves the presence of large amounts of acetone in the blood. This condition is also referred to as: milk fever, acidosis, acetenouria, pregnancy disease (in ewes).

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40
Q

achalasia

A

Refers to difficulty or lack of ability to release the smooth muscle in the digestive system, found in the gastrointestinal tract.

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41
Q

achondroplasia

A

Refers to the changes undergone by the skeletal system during development of the fetus; has the ability to be inherited genetically.

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42
Q

acid

A

Any substance or solution with a total pH of less than 7; a term used to described low pH or an increase in the number of hydrogen ions in a given substance.

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43
Q

acid-fast

A

Resists the effects of acids; has less of a chance of losing color due to acidic properties

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44
Q

acidified silage

A

Refers to silage that is preserved with the help of certain types of acid, including sulfuric or hydrochloric acid, some combination of sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, or commercial phosphoric acid.

45
Q

acidity

A

Refers to the density of hydrogen ions in a given solution.

46
Q

acidophilus

A

A term used to describe an organism that tends to thrive in an acidic environment, such as soil rich in acid.

47
Q

acidosis

A

A condition of the body in which pH levels are abnormally low.

48
Q

acoustic

A

Refers to the sound properties of a given item.

49
Q

acquired character

A

The changes that the character of a particular animal has gone through, whether the be physiological or otherwise. May be due to the environment that they live in. Acquired character cannot be passed on and it is not genetic in nature.

50
Q

acquired immunity

A

Refers to the immunity that can be built up to a disease or illness that an animal would normally fall victim to. There are several reasons why this is, and it may be an active immunity (antibodies build up through having the disease) or passive immunity (e.g., immunity passed on through mother’s milk or an animal’s serum).

51
Q

acre per animal unit month

A

A measurement; used to figure the number of acres that are needed for one animal to be able to forage easily for one month when used properly.

52
Q

acromegaly

A

An issue caused by excessive growth hormones in which the extremities become larger in size.

53
Q

acromion

A

The outer edge of the scapula; this is where the collar bone is attached to the animal’s body.

54
Q

acrosome

A

Refers to the small cap that covers the head of sperm.

55
Q

active agent

A

Also referred to as active ingredient; a term used to describe the ingredient in a chemical that poses a toxic threat to a particular animal.

56
Q

active immunity

A

Refers to immunity that is built up through exposure to the disease or pathogen.

57
Q

actual analysis

A

The compiling of materials using a chemical analysis generated in a laboratory rather than a generalized analysis.

58
Q

actual use

A

Term used to refer to the amount of area used by certain animals, e.g. livestock or hunting game; expressed in animal units or animal unit months.

59
Q

acuity

A

The property of being sharp; in veterinary medicine, usually refers to the quality of an animal’s vision.

60
Q

acute

A

Term used to imply that a situation or condition is more severe than usual; also used to refer to a disease having run a short course or come on suddenly.

61
Q

Acute renal failure (arf)

A

The failure of the kidneys; loss of function of the kidneys. ARF usually comes on suddenly.

62
Q

Acute toxicity

A

The potential that something, usually a medicine or substance, has to injure or cause illness in an animal when given as one dose or as multiple doses in the span of one day or less than one day.

63
Q

Adaptability

A

The potential that an animal or organism has to change their bodies or lifestyles to suit their surroundings or environment.

64
Q

Adaption

A

Term used to refer to the activities or processes that an animal goes to make changes necessary for it to survive in its current environment, whether temporarily or otherwise.

65
Q

Additives (n.)

A

Items or ingredients added to feed as part of the manufacturing process; may also be used for preservation. Additives also work to increase nutritional value of certain foods, increase the taste appeal, and make it more attractive. There are legalities surrounding the amounts and types of additives allowed in feed.

66
Q

Addled egg

A

The result of the mixing of an egg’s yolk with the egg white. May also be referred to as a rotten egg, and cannot be eaten.

67
Q

Adduction

A

To move inward or toward the midsection of the animal.

68
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

The result of a malignant growth of the tissue of the epithelial gland.

69
Q

Adenohypophysis

A

The rearmost pituitary gland; the only area of the pituitary gland that is functional.

70
Q

Adherence

A

A property in which one item has the ability to stick or adhere to another.

71
Q

Adhesion

A

Fibers that bond items together that would not normally be combined.

72
Q

Adipocyte

A

A cell of fat

73
Q

Adipose

A

Refers to the quality of being fat or full of fat.

74
Q

Adjusted weaning weight (adjusted 205-day weight)

A

The weight of a young animal at the time of weaning; this weight is adjusted to the standard for 205 days old as well as the age of the dam itself.

75
Q

Adjusted yearling weight (adjusted 365-day weight)

A

The weight of a yearling after adjustments for the age of the dam and adjusted to a standard 365 days old. b) changes in the numbers of animals, the seasons, classes or types of animals.

76
Q

Ad lib

A

As much as needed or wanted; short form of the word ad libitum

77
Q

Ad lib feeding

A

Term used to refer to a type of feeding in which there are no restrictions placed on the amount of food to be given at any time.

78
Q

Ad libitum

A

Often shortened to ad lib; term used to refer to the amount of feed ingested when made completely available without limitation or restriction.

79
Q

Adnexa

A

The structures of any given organ.

80
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

The outermost part of the adrenal gland

81
Q

Adrenalectomy

A

The process of surgically extracting one or both of the adrenal glands.

82
Q

Adrenal gland

A

The gland that produces the hormone adrenaline and others; helps to regulate the metabolism, electrolytes, and even sexual function; also helps to regulate the way the body responds to injury, trauma, etc. The adrenal gland is found near the kidney. Also referred to as the suprarenal gland.

83
Q

Adrenaline

A

A hormone produced by the adrenal glands, also often referred to as epinephrine. Adrenaline is used in the body’s response to traumatic situations or emergencies.

84
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

The innermost part of the adrenal gland.

85
Q

Adrenopathy

A

Term used to refer to a type of disease that affects any portion of the adrenal glands.

86
Q

Adventitious sounds

A

Sounds of the respiratory system; e.g. bronchi, rales

87
Q

Aerobe

A

Term used to refer to certain types of bacteria or organisms that only have the ability to survive in an environment of free oxygen.

88
Q

Aerogun

A

Term used to refer to bacteria with the ability to produce certain types of gas.

89
Q

Aerophobia

A

The act of swallowing air.

90
Q

Afebdrile

A

A state, usually of illness, in which the subject is free of fever.

91
Q

Afferent

A

Carrying toward; usually refers to nerves in the nervous system that carry certain impulses.

92
Q

Aflatoxin

A

A substance created by a certain fungus, Aspergillus flavus, a carcinogen; known to contaminate corn, some nuts, and certain types of grain.

93
Q

Afterbirth

A

Found attached to the fetus while en utero; expelled upon birth of the fetus. Term used to refer to the placenta.

94
Q

Agalactia

A

A condition in which an animal fails to nurse after birth of the offspring due to lack of secretion of milk; condition often found in female horses.

95
Q

Agalactic mare

A

A female horse that is not properly lactating to feed her foal.

96
Q

Age class

A

Term used to describe the grouping of animals by age.

97
Q

Aged horse

A

Term used to describe a horse over the age of eight years old; often used to refer to a horse over the age of 12 years old.

98
Q

Agglutination

A

The grouping together of certain cells, molecules, or particles into one area or clump.

99
Q

Agglutinins

A

a) antibodies that are created as an animal’s natural response to an infection or the presence of strange micro organisms; these antibodies cause the organisms to clump together. b) any substance or antibody that causes certain organisms to clump together; usually causes the clumping of the organism that caused it to be produced in the first place.

100
Q

Agonal breathing

A

The breathing that occurs when an animal is near death or suffering from severe pain.

101
Q

Agonist

A

Any substance that causes a certain effect by attaching itself to the right receptor.

102
Q

Agonistic

A

In veterinary terms, an animal whose behavior indicates offensive/defensive activities.

103
Q

Agoraphobia

A

The term for a fear of wide open spaces; in veterinary terms, refers to animals who are kept stabled or in stalls for an extended period of time

104
Q

Agostadero

A

Term used mostly in the southwestern United States; refers to a pasture that is used only during the summer months.

105
Q

Agouti

A

A type of coat pattern in which the fur is darker toward the root and becomes gradually lighter near the tip.

106
Q

Agranulocyte

A

Any cell that does not have the normal granular structures in the cytoplasm.

107
Q

Agrarian

A

Anything pertaining to or relating to the agriculture industry.

108
Q

Agriculture

A

A broad term used to indicate the industry involved with producing animals and plants for use by humans.

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