Biology Paper 2 Flashcards
What is a population?
The number of a particular species living in a habitat
What is a community?
Lots of different populations living in a habitat
What is an ecosystem?
The interaction of a community of living organisms with the non-living parts of their environment.
What do plants compete for?
Light
Space
Water and mineral ions from soil
What do animals compete for?
Food
Mates
Territory
What is interdependence?
When each species in a community rely on other species to survive
What are 4 examples of interdependence?
Pollination: Flowering plants rely on insects like bees/butterflies for pollination
Seed transport: Animals/birds may carry plants away from the parent plant to reduce competition
Food: Pandas rely on bamboo for food
Protection: Clown fish are protected from predators by the stinging tentacles of the anemone
What is a stable community?
One where all the species and environmental factors are in balance so that population sizes remain fairly constant
What is the process of populations in species?
More rabbits = too little grass to eat so population decreases and more for foxes to eat so fox population increases
More foxes = too little rabbits for all foxes to live so population decreases and enough food for rabbits, so population increases
Constantly changing
What is an abiotic factor?
A non-living factor
What is a biotic factor
A living factor
What are the examples of of non-living factors?
Light intensity
Temperature
Moisture levels
Soil pH and mineral content
Wind speed and direction
Carbon dioxide levels for plants
Oxygen levels for aquatic animals (living in water)
What are the examples of biotic factors?
New predators: Organisms might not be able to defend themselves
Low food availability: May be harder to survive and breed
New pathogens: Organisms may have no resistance to it
One species outcompeting the other: Numbers are no longer sufficient to breed
What are the 3 types of adaptions?
Behavioural
Structural
Functional
What is a behavioural adaption?
Actions an organism takes
What is a structural adaption?
How an organism is built
What is a functional adaption?
How the organism works
What are 2 examples of behavioural adaptions?
Migration and hibernation
What are 3 examples of structural adaptions?
Webbed feet, thick bark to resist fire and cacti needle like leaves to reduce water loss
What are 2 functional adaptions?
Produce poison and fast/slow metabolism
What are extremophiles?
Organisms that are able to live and survive in extreme conditions
What is an acidophile?
Organisms that love acidic conditions
What is a hydrophilic?
Water loving organism
What is a halophilic?
Salt loving organism
What has to adapt for extremophiles to survive in their extreme conditions?
Enzymes
What is a producer?
An organism that produces their own energy, glucose and oxygen to survive
What are herbivores also known as?
Primary consumers (only eat plants)
What are carnivores also known as?
Secondary/tertiary consumers (eat meat-primary consumers, etc)
What do arrows in a food chain represent?
The direction of energy transfer
What is a food chain/web?
A diagram that show the feeding relationships between organisms
What is a predator?
An organism which hunts and kills their food (prey)
What is an apex predator?
The consumer at the top of the food chain
In the carbon cycle, how is carbon dioxide added into the atmosphere?
Combustion
Aerobic respiration
Decay of dead remains (decomposers respiring)
In the carbon cycle, how is carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere?
Photosynthesis
Production of fossil fuels (decay without oxygen)
Formation of sedimentary rocks
Formation of calcium carbonate shells in the sea
In the water cycle, how is water added to the atmosphere?
Transpiration and evaporation
In the water cycle how is water removed from the atmosphere?
Precipitation and percolation (passing through the rocks)
