Key Terms

Question 1

Deviance

Answer 1

Behaviour that goes against current norms & values
Subject to sanctions
Social construct

Question 2

Absolute Deviance

Answer 2

When an act is considered wrong in every circumstance
E.g. Incest

Question 3

Relative Deviance

Answer 3

When an act is only seen as deviant within a cultural context
E.g. Sexual relationships between a men and his scholar is tolerated in Greece

Question 4

Situational Deviance

Answer 4

[Introduced by Ken Plummer]
When a typically deviant act is not seen as such due to the context
E.g. running naked in the street while escaping a fire

Question 5

Crime

Answer 5

Any act forbidden by statue or law
Social construct; built so can be abolished (e.g. gay legalisation)

Question 6

CRB Check

Answer 6

When police records check new employees and volunteers for past criminal activity (particularly sex offenders)

Question 7

Folk Devil

Answer 7

S. Cohen
A specific group of people in which the media has victimised after committing deviant behaviour with the purpose to create a narrative

Question 8

State Crime

Answer 8

Crime committed by governments
E.g. torture

Question 9

White Collar Crime

Answer 9

Crime committed by the ruling class

Question 10

Blue Collar Crime

Answer 10

Crime committed by the lower (working) class

Question 11

Corporate Crime

Answer 11

Crime committed by businesses

Question 12

Utilitarian Crime

Answer 12

Crime which only produces a monetary reward
E.g. Theft

Question 13

Non-Utilitarian Crime

Answer 13

Crime which does not produce a monetary reward
E.g. Vandalism / Joyriding

Question 14

Marginalised

Answer 14

A sense of exclusion from society
Caused by no organisation supporting communities / representing people
E.g. Unemployed / Youth / Black youth / Etc.

Question 15

Green Crime

Answer 15

Crime which affects the environment in some aspect

Question 16

Global Crime

Answer 16

Crime which affects the global population

Question 17

Criminogenic

Answer 17

Produces / Likelihood to cause crime

Question 18

Negotiation

Answer 18

[Interactionist]
People can sue their social status to challenge the CJS

Question 19

Master Status

Answer 19

When deviance overrides any other status (individual / social identity)

Question 20

Deviancy Amplification

Answer 20

When an agent (in particular, the media) exaggerate a social problem out of proportion

Question 21

Moral Entrepreneur

Answer 21

Prominent people whose position enables them to define certain actions as deviant

Question 22

Criminal Act

Answer 22

Breaking the law

Question 23

Political Act

Answer 23

Reaction against being oppressed by systems

Question 24

Military-style Policing

Answer 24

A policing style wherein police have to resort to extreme methods such as stopping & searching or using surveillance as an alternative method of solving crime when others fail

Question 25

Hegemony

Answer 25

The dominance of one group over another

Question 26

Target Hardening

Answer 26

Pre-emptive identification and targeting of likely criminal/deviant groups

Question 27

Hegemonic Masculinity

Answer 27

A specific form of masculinity that legitimates unequal gender relations between men and women

Question 28

Relative Deprevation

Answer 28

Feeling poor in comparison to others in society

Question 29

Reformists

Answer 29

Those who support gradual reform rather than abolition or revolution

Question 30

Revolutionists

Answer 30

Those who favour immediate and extreme changes in laws

Question 31

Aetiological

Answer 31

The study of causes
E.g. L/R: An increase in crime has caused an aetiological crisis = crisis wherein society must link causes to increase in crime)

Question 32

Incivilities

Answer 32

Impolite / offensive / unsociable speech or behaviour

Question 33

Normative Masculinity

Answer 33

The socially approved idea of what masculinity (or what a ‘real man’) is
E.g. being successful in terms of money, sexual conquests & exercising power

Question 34

Oppositional Masculinity

Answer 34

When a man is unable to achieve hegemonic masculinity in a traditional sense
- May exhibit hyper forms of masculinity or criminal behaviours

Question 35

Conflict Policing

Answer 35

Marxist view
Police are not a part of the community and instead are a hostile outside force
- Police are working in the interests of the ruling class and against the interests of the w/c
- E.g. Military-style policing

Question 36

Consensus Policing

Answer 36

Functionalist view
Police come from and work on behalf of the community they police (police on the same side as the community)

Question 37

Meta-narrative

Answer 37

One story explains everything
E.g. Mx: class explains crime entirely)