Key Question 3: The Significance of the Main Developments in Religion (1529-1588) Flashcards
What was Pre-Reformation Church like?
- hierarchy with the pope as the head, then cardinals, archbishops, bishops, parish, priests and nuns
- pope ruled central Italy = Papal States
- controlled Catholic Church in Canterbury and York
- catholics only enter heaven if free from sin, if you did minor sins you go to purgatory and shorten possible time spent in purgatory
- celebrate mass for the dead
- Baptism, penance, communion, confirmation, marriage and Eucharist = most important (bread and wine)
Protestant Ideas: Lutheranism
- they have bishops
- founded by Marin Luther (German Monk)
- place in heaven earned
- protest - started 1517
- challenge catholics - idea pope selling pardons for sin
- Luther church - eratreian = head of church = head of state eg: Henry VII
Protestant Ideas: Zwinglianism
- influence Henry VIII reign
- Huldrich Zwinglian creator (Swiss Protestant)
~ influence radical 1552 prayer book (Key) - not very influential
Protestant Ideas: Calvinism
- John Callin was creator (french Protestant)
~ based in Geniva, Switzerland - influential during Elizabeth reign of people who fled Marys catholic reign, Geniva returned with Calvinist views and used in real life
- Presbyterian - commonly known
What was the Henriacan Reformation?
- pope awarded him the title of Fidei Defensor (defender of the faith) - 1521
~ defended 7 sacraments
~ defend against Martin Luther - “the changes made to religion under Henry VIII are of key importance as they acted as a catalyst for future reforms”
- break from Rome is different from reformation, led to removal of social, economic and political power but did not lead to end of Catholicism
- Henry assisted by Thomas Cromwell, his chief Minister 1532 and Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop 1532
Henriacan Reformation: Political
- annul marriage with Catherine of Aragon 1533
~ Catherine appealed to the pope
~ Charles V (holy Roman Empire) held pope prisoner 1527
~ control over pope = control over England - Henry was influenced by Erastion ideas (head of state = head of church) also influenced by Tyndale’s ideas
- step 1530 collection satis copiosa - gain authority
~ collection of precedents
Henriacan Reformation: Religious
- “if a man should take his brothers wife, it is a unclean thing…they will be without children (sons)”
~ God punishing him - corrupt church - hostility
- dismissed Wolsey replaced with Thomas More (not ordained) to profile reformer
- anti-clericalism - important to break
- William Tyndale’s obedience of Christian man to defend power of King
Henriacan Reformation: Economic
- 1525 wanted to invade France
- Wolsey tried exacting tax without parliament approval
~ amicable grant - Henry gaining control of church would allow for more funds
Why was the Break with Rome so Significant?
- made future religious change but not inevitable
- Act of Supremacy 1534
- Protestantism step = gave Henry VIII power/finances gain
- removed corruption
- allowed dissolution of monasteries in 1536
- significant impact n peoples religion
Reformation Parliament 1529-1536
- had been returned to Rome (divorce case)
- first of 7 sessions of what later became known as reformation parliament - dissolved 1536
Attacking Church to Weaken Resistance
- January 1531 Henry threatened to use statue of Praemunire - England represented by convocation of Canterbury
- pay £100,000 or over
Offence to introduce foreign power into England
~ attacking pope as they aren’t loyal - recognised as soul protector and curer of souls
- “singular protector only and supreme lord and so far as the law of Christ allows, even supreme head”
Act in Restraint of Annates 1532
- put pressure on Pope to stop payments
- involve attack on papal authority state Pope refused accepting appointments made which meant not allowing bishops
- working through Parliament more weight could be given to claim that Henry had support of council and policy
- submission of the clergy passed in convocation
~ used Royal Courts instead and only meeting at the Kings command
~ no one acting without royal consent
~ definite attack on the independence of the church - Bremen acts of Parliament in 1533 and 1534
What are the events of the Henrican reform?
- 1529 three anti clerical act
- 1530 church charged with praemunire
- 1531 charge of praemunire withdrawn
- 1532 emergence of Thomas Cromwell, acts of restraint of Annates, submission of the clergy
- 1533 act in restraint of appeals
- 1534 act of dispensation
- 1534 active submission of the clergy
- 1534 first succession act
- 1534 treason act
What were the key events that happened during the Henrican reforms?
- 1534 act of supremacy = he is supreme head of the church and has the right to carry out visitations
- 1534 act of first fruits and tenths = clerical taxes when are given to King not Pope
- 1536 act for the dissolution of the lesser monasteries = smaller monasteries worth under £200 was shut down
- 1536 act of ten articles = seven sacraments of doctrine were rejected, leaving belief in three important ones
~ baptism, Eucharist, penance - 1539 act of six articles = radical shift allowing transition of private mass however no marriages of priests
- 1539 act of dissolution of greater monasteries = all monasteries closed and land past the crown which was later sold off to the gentry
What was the opposition to the change during the Henrican reforms?
- 1536 the pillgramage of Grace
- 1534 John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester refused to take oath of supremacy and was executed in 1535
- Sir Thomas Moore oppose the abuse of the church but was also executed
- Elizabeth Barton was executed for prophesying the King’s early death
- treason act = Henry could move against his most threatening opponents without having to go through act of attainder
- glad she showed resistance in 1531 and 1532 and Parliament disagreed with the restraint of annates
Why was the Henrican reformation Parliament significant?
- 1529-1536 change nature of parliament
- settle was what called his great matter
- laws affecting all aspects of national life was previously under the church authority
- groundbreaking status of 1530s Parliament no area of government was outside authority of the crown
- involved religious authority from Pope to crown such as the succession by declaring two of Kings children bastards
- “we be informed by our judges that no time stand so highly in our estate Royal as in time of parliament“
- dismantled structure in church
What was the cause of the dissolution of the monasteries?
- long held aim of Cromwell 1536 took advantage and did a one off smash and grab
- immortality of monks their corrupt religious practices and decline popularity
Henry’s greed was a cause
What were the economic reasons for the dissolution of the monasteries?
- dissolution due to wanting more crown lands and wealth
- church had one third of countries land property
- Henry accepted none of the doc 10 reasons advanced by protestants he didn’t agree as he didn’t benefit him
- wealth of church could solve many monarchy, financial problems and allow for fortification and tax-free people
- England was invaded his results and he wanted to secure the economy
What were the political reasons for the dissolution of the monasteries?
- monasteries owning allegiance outside England and that was unacceptable to Henry’s growing xenophobia
- 1535 acceptance of rules, Superman or new order of succession
What were the religious reasons for the cause of the dissolution of the monasteries?
- corrupt and waste of resources
- attack on traditional religious practice such as pilgrimage
- Henry insisted against wishes of his advises that monks and nuns who choose to abandon vacation were forced to keep vows of chastity
- Cromwell went on tour to the smaller monasteries where they were manifesting sin
- most monasteries had no option and most accepted it
What was the outcomes of the dissolution of the monasteries?
- 1540 doubled income £120,000-£250,000 resale of monistic land came to £1.3 million
- religious vandalism, realms most impressive pieces of mediaeval architecture destroyed
- reformation had least effective on quality or quantity of religion
Why was the dissolution of the monastery significant?
- corruption and waste of resources within church
- step to protestantism
- gaining crown wealth solve financial issues for the country
- destroy potential opposition by those who preferred Pope
- irreversible changed for 6500 months is out as well as 2000 nuns out
- brought into aspect change
What was the impact and religious policies that Edward VI passed?
- decisive shift towards protestantism
~ protector Somerset, Archbishop Cramner & Duke of Northumberland - no attempt to call parliament and the earliest initiatives were taken by powers of visitation
- November 1547 Parliament used to bring in religious change such as the Edwardian prayer book, services in England, priests allowed to marry, decorations torn from church
Who was protector Somerset?
- restrained by fear of Charles V = rebellions of 1549 (Kett and Western) and war against Scotland
- majority of bishops either propose change or undecided = or supported Royal superman
- is Uncle because of settlement of protestant refugees from continent a large amount of support
- in London there was demand for rapid radical change privy council reviewed state of Church of England and introduced more participant performance
What was the first phase of the Edwardian Reformation?
The removal of Catholicism (1547)
This included the Royal Visitation and the Chantries Act.
What was the purpose of the Royal Visitation in 1547?
Commissioners were sent to examine the clergy, doctrine, and practices of the church.
What did the Chantries Act (1547) do?
It removed the practice of praying for the dead and condemned such prayers.
What significant act was repealed in November 1547?
The Act of Six Articles was repealed, which had re-established key Catholic doctrines.
What was the second phase of the Edwardian Reformation?
Unofficial Protestantism (1548)
This phase included the repeal of the Treason Act.
What did the repeal of the Treason Act (Nov 1547) allow?
It removed old heresy, treason, censorship, and proclamation laws, allowing free discussion of religion.
What is the significance of the First Book of Common Prayer (1549)?
It was an important document outlining the liturgy and translation of scriptures used in services.
It contributed to the Western Rebellion.
What did the Act of Uniformity (1549) accomplish?
It enforced the use of the First Book of Common Prayer, which alienated some groups, including Catholics.
It was a significant step in the establishment of Protestantism.
What characterizes the Second Book of Common Prayer (1552)?
It is a highly Protestant document that traces its roots to Catholicism while establishing Protestant beliefs.
It was enforced by the Second Act of Uniformity.
What was the Black Rubric Proclamation (1552)?
It introduced more Protestant ideas into the liturgy.
It was part of the changes made during the Edwardian Reformation.
What are the 42 Articles (1552)?
They were issued in June 1553 based on Cranmer’s ideas but never became parliamentary law.
They formed the basis for Elizabeth’s 39 Articles.
What was notable about the Edwardian Reformation?
It was characterized by a lack of opposition and absence of persecution among the lower clergy.
The only serious resistance was the Western Rebellion.
Who were the main opponents of the Edwardian Reformation?
The main opponents were Stephen Gardiner and Edmund Bonner, who opposed services in English and doctrinal changes.
Both were deprived of their bishoprics and replaced by reformers.
Who is protector Northumberland?
- gained power in 1550 = radical religious reforms as the government considered that they were no widespread opposition to religious change or recently depression of popular rising
- he reconverted to Catholicism before death in 1553
~ not a genuine reformer
~ most likely change religion due to circumstance that Mary would threatened to kill him which she did
What were the effects of the European reforms?
- 40 reformers came to live in England they were invited by Cramner
- Martin Buber was a close friend to Calvin, made Strasbourg a leading reform centre in 1540
~ critique of the 1549 prayer book and in 1550 advised ordinal set out orders of service to be followed
What was the overall significance of the Edwardian reformation?
- financial
~ cash shield from chantries was £160,000 a sum of 20% of yielded by dissolution
~ raise money to continue war with France and Scotland - religious
~ clear expression of catholic doctrine of purgatory
~ could put more towards godly uses such as Cramner - dissolved 300 chantries, 90 colleges, 110 hospitals
- 1552 prayer book by Thomas Cramner
What did Mary believe about the Catholic Reformation’s impact on England?
Mary believed it would help England’s position in Europe if the country was returned to the Catholic fold. This would prevent foreign invasion, enhance the country’s foreign policy, and strengthen ties with Spain.
Who was appointed as papal legate during Mary’s reign?
Cardinal Pole was appointed as papal legate, comparing Mary to Jesus’ mother.
What significant event occurred on June 1554 regarding secular lands?
In June 1554, the Pope agreed that concessions would have to be made over secularized lands for reconciliation.
What was the first proclamation on religion during Mary’s reign?
The first proclamation on religion was issued on August 18, 1553, as Mary believed people would return to Catholicism.
What laws were restored in Mary’s reign?
The 15th-century Heresy Laws were restored.
What actions were taken against bishops during Mary’s reign?
Seven bishops were removed and four were imprisoned, including Cranmer, Hooper, Latimer, and Ridley.
What were the royal injunctions issued in March 1554?
The royal injunctions required bishops to suppress heresy.
What did the Second Statute Repeal in November 1554 signify?
The Second Statute Repeal ended royal supremacy and repealed religious laws since Henry VIII.
What was the result of the re-Catholicization of England?
It involved jobs, integrations, money to the Pope, discipline of clergy, and publications of new Catholic books.
How many religious executions occurred due to the Heresy Laws?
There were 274 religious executions, including 60 women.
What happened to Protestants during Mary’s reign?
Many Protestants went into exile, with 800 escaping to Germany or Switzerland, abandoning episcopacy and increasing participation in liturgy.
Where did Protestants hold church services during Mary’s reign?
Protestants held services in private houses and inns.
What was a significant issue by 1558?
There was a start of rebellion, dependent on the attitudes of the elite and parish authorities, and it was difficult to ascertain what people thought of religion.
What was the Elizabethan church settlement a symbol of?
It was a symbol of the break with Rome and Protestantism.
Who influenced the Elizabethan church settlement?
Thomas Cranmer’s theology influenced the settlement, utilizing the prayer books of 1549 and 1552.
What was the role of the Privy Council in the Elizabethan church settlement?
The Privy Council was dominated by Protestants and invited Protestant preachers.
What was retained in the Elizabethan church for organization?
The episcopate (bishops) was retained for organization, administration, and supervision.
What political advantages did the Elizabethan church settlement provide?
It served as a heroine to Protestants, secured the loyalty of classes in exile, and aimed to impress Philip of Spain.
What were the initial attempts at church settlement in 1559?
Three bills led by Cecil, including the first Bill of Supremacy, aimed to cut connections to Mary and declare Elizabeth as the Supreme Head of the Church.
What was the compromise settlement of the Elizabethan church?
It involved breaking the control of Marian Bishops within the House of Lords.
What was the doctrine of the Elizabethan Church established in 1559?
The doctrine was reformed along the lines of the Geneva model, emphasizing Calvinistic theology.
What are the 39 Articles?
The 39 Articles were established in 1571, based on Edward’s 42 articles from 1553, to avoid controversy and contain explicit statements of Protestantism.
Continental reforms in church?
- relied heavily on Lutheran Legacy
- bishop’s exiled were Grindal, Cox, Jewel, Sandys and young
- maintain links with the Swiss reforms
- influence of continental reforms in 39 articles
- article 29 more adherent lien as a challenge that beliefs Grace was offered all Christians
- alliance of German Protestant prince until 1571
Why were the scriptures translated into Welsh?
The Welsh were monoglot and didn’t understand the English services introduced in 1549. The translation enabled Welshmen to communicate about religion in their own tongue.
What was the Act of Uniformity of 1549?
It enforced an English prayer book and services (Holy Communion) in English.
What did the 1563 Act require?
It required the translation of the scriptures into Welsh, including the Old and New Testaments, the prayer book, and the communion service.
Who translated the New Testament into Welsh?
William of Salesbury translated the New Testament.
Who translated the Old Testament into Welsh?
William Morgan, Bishop of Llandaff and St Asaph, translated the Old Testament in 1558.
What is Morgan’s Bible?
It is an updated translation of the New Testament produced by William Morgan.
Who supported the translations of the Bible into Welsh?
Richard Davies, Bishop of St David, supported the translations.
What was the political context for translating the Bible into Welsh?
Spreading the Protestant word among the Welsh in their own language was politically expedient to gain their support against the increasing Catholic threat from Europe.
What did Elizabeth I introduce in 1563 regarding Welsh translations?
She introduced legislation requiring all churches in Wales by 1567 to have Welsh translations of the Book of Common Prayer and the Bible alongside the English versions.
What did William Salesbury publish in 1551?
He published a Welsh translation of the main texts of the Prayer Book.
When was the first Welsh translation of the New Testament produced?
The first Welsh translation of the New Testament was produced by Salesbury in 1567.
What is significant about the Welsh Bible of 1620 in Llanwnda church?
It is said to have been rescued from the hands of French invaders in 1797.
Why was the translation of the Scriptures to English significant?
It allowed the English to understand the scriptures for the first time in their own language and encouraged some to support the introduction of Protestantism.
It also alienated the Welsh and Cornish who could not understand the translation.
Why was the translation of the Scriptures to Welsh significant?
It brought equality for the Welsh with England, allowing them to understand religious teachings, and politically brought the Welsh closer to the Tudors, helping to avoid dissent and rebellion.
It ensured the support of the Welsh for Elizabeth and her Protestant Church, reducing Roman Catholic support in Wales.
What was one spiritual significance of translating the Scriptures to Welsh?
It enabled Welsh souls to be saved.
What opposition did Elizabeth face regarding the religious settlement?
The settlement did not please the extremists, including Roman Catholics and Puritans, who hoped for further change.
Who are referred to as the Puritans?
Extreme Protestants who had fled during Mary’s reign (Marian Exiles) and returned to England.
What were the main beliefs of the Puritans?
Their theology and beliefs were Calvinist and they were strongly anti-Catholic, wanting to remove Papist elements from the Anglican Church.
What was the stance of Church Papists towards Elizabeth?
Church Papists were loyal to Elizabeth and accepted her as Governor of the Church but disliked radical changes to worship.
What did Church Papists believe regarding Mass and sacraments?
They believed that Mass and the other Catholic sacraments were necessary for personal salvation.
What are recusants?
Recusants refused to attend church services and believed in the doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church, especially the Latin Mass.
What actions did some recusants take regarding Mass?
Some celebrated Mass in their houses, while others established underground churches for their former parishioners.
When did the government begin to identify recusants?
No attempt was made by the government to identify recusants until the late 1570s.
What significant event occurred in 1568?
- Arrival of Mary, Queen of Scots, in England
- William Allen found his first training college for seminary priests
What was issued in 1570?
- Papal Bull of Excommunication
- excommunicating Elizabeth and gathering to dispose of her
What occurred in 1571?
- Three Acts were passed
- reasonable to declare Elizabeth not the Queen
What happened in 1574?
- Arrival of seminary priests in England
- established contact with Catholic families founded 1565 by William Allen
What significant group arrived in England in 1580?
- Jesuit missionaries
- Robert Parson, Edward Champion, and Ralph Emerson spare head Catholic mission
What actions did Parliament take in 1581?
- Acts against Catholics were passed
- higher tax increase to £20 and higher are imposed for heavily masses
What was enacted in 1585?
- Parliament Act against Jesuits and seminary priests
- any pre-ordained by the Pope authority is now guilty of treason
What occurred in 1588?
- Execution of priests
- 31 press executed
Who overall is the most significant?
Elizabeth I
