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Tudor History U1 > Key Question 1: Henry VIII’s Significance of Government and Politics (1509-1547) > Flashcards

Key Question 1: Henry VIII’s Significance of Government and Politics (1509-1547) Flashcards

1
Q

Who are Henry VIII advisor?

A
  • Thomas Woolsey 1515 to 1529
  • Thomas Cromwell 1538 to 1540
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2
Q

Who was Catherine of Aragon and what was her significance?

A

Catherine of Aragon was married in 1509 and was successful until she couldn’t produce a male heir.

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3
Q

What was the state of the nobility before re-establishment?

A

They had been largely frozen out of direct political influence, spending very little time in court.

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4
Q

Who organized wars in France on behalf of the king?

A

Thomas Wolsey organized wars in France on behalf of the king.

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5
Q

What did Henny seek to do regarding his father’s foreign policy?

A

Henny sought to overthrow his father’s foreign policy legacy, wanting to pursue military glory and rehabilitate traditional nobility.

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6
Q

What were some significant military events during Henny’s foreign policy?

A

Significant events included the capture of Boulogne, victories against the Scots at Flodden (1513), and Colway Moss (1542)

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7
Q

What was a turning point in foreign policy during Henny’s reign?

A

The Battle of Pavia (1525) marked a turning point, leading to an anti-French policy and the construction of an Anglo-French entente in the Treaty of Amboise (1527).

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8
Q

What was the impact of Henny’s policies in Scotland?

A

Henny’s policies in Scotland created hostility and divisions.

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9
Q

What was Henny’s approach to governance and Parliament?

A

Henny was happy to let others do the work for him through the Royal Council and was mainly concerned with having a son.

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10
Q

How did the role of Parliament change in the 1530s?

A

In the 1530s, the role of Parliament did not differ significantly from that of Henny’s father, mainly granting extraordinary revenue.

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11
Q

What was Cromwell’s role regarding Parliament?

A

Cromwell expedited Parliament’s legislative possibilities and had support from influential people.

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12
Q

What conflict arose within Henny’s governance?

A

Henny’s impulsive personality led to conflicts that caused Parliament to break down for the first time.

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13
Q

Who was Cardinal Thomas Wolsey?

A

Cardinal Thomas Wolsey (1473 - 1530) chose the church to advance, became a royal chaplain, and caught the eye of Henny VII.

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14
Q

What was Wolsey’s position in 1509?

A

In 1509, Wolsey became a member of the King’s council and experienced rapid promotion.

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15
Q

What was one of Wolsey’s notable achievements?

A

He showcased his wealth by building Hampton Court.

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16
Q

Why was Wolsey resented by the nobles?

A

He was resented because he was not of noble birth himself.

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17
Q

What was Wolsey’s approach to domestic policy?

A

His domestic policies primarily focused on self-aggrandizement and increasing his own wealth and power.

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18
Q

How did Wolsey increase his status as Lord Chancellor?

A

He expanded the power of the Chancery, overseeing the legal system and presiding over courts.

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19
Q

What was the purpose of the Star Chamber under Wolsey?

A

To address abuses of power by nobles and local officials.

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20
Q

What was the Court of Requests?

A

A court established by Wolsey to address civil cases resulting from complaints of the poor.

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21
Q

What was the Amicable Tax of 1525?

A

A tax proposed by Wolsey to fund wars in France, passed without Parliament’s approval.

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22
Q

What was Wolsey’s role in foreign policy?

A

He helped Henry VIII seek respect from other rulers and managed financial resources for wars.

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23
Q

What were the Elthan ordinances?

A

Reforms enacted in 1526 to reform the finances of the privy council.

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24
Q

Which groups objected to the reforms?

A

Both Christian and Protestant reformers.

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25
What were the criticisms against the church during this period?
Accusations of being anti-pope and profiting from sacred things.
26
What was the main goal of England's foreign policy?
Directed at preserving peace and trying to make England into a mediator between other countries.
27
What was the Treaty of Cambrai?
A treaty in 1518 where representatives from all major powers and lesser states agreed to peace.
28
What action did Henry VIII take against Wolsey's advice?
Henry VIII invaded France, but later retreated, leading to France invading Italy.
29
What was the outcome of the battle at Pavia in 1525?
Charles V defeated France in the battle at Pavia.
30
What did Henry VIII do when France was weakened?
He took advantage of France's weakness and invaded again but faced issues with the Amicable Grant.
31
What happened when France tried to attack Charles V?
Henry VIII aided Charles, and as a result, Charles seized Italy, while England was ignored in the Treaty of Cambrai 1529.
32
What significant action did Henry VIII take in 1529 regarding Wolsey?
Henry dismissed Wolsey and trumped up charges against him; Wolsey died before sentencing.
33
Why was Wolsey mainly criticized?
He was mainly criticized for not obtaining a divorce for Henry from Katherine of Aragon.
34
Thomas Cromwell
* chief minister, he had no formal education
35
What role did he take on in 1529?
He became an MP in 1529 and became Cardinal Secretary in the 1520s.
36
What significant service did he secure in 1531?
He secured service to the King in 1531 as part of the Royal Council.
37
What was his role regarding the King's divorce?
He remained loyal to the King over the management of the King's divorce and produced Acts to destroy Rome's power, creating the Church of England.
38
What position did he hold in 1532?
He was Master of the Court of Wards and Master of the Jewel House in 1532.
39
What proposal helped him rise swiftly?
His proposal to enable Henry to secure his marriage annulment helped him rise swiftly.
40
What did he suggest regarding Rome?
He suggested Henry break with Rome and made himself head of the English Church.
41
What was the Parliament developed from 1529 to 1536 called?
It was called the Reformation Parliament.
42
What did the Reformation Parliament aim to do?
It aimed to reform the church.
43
What was the Act of Supremacy?
The Act of Supremacy was enacted in 1534.
44
What were the domestic policies under Cromwell?
Cromwell's domestic policies included law and order, finance, administration, and the privy council.
45
What significant law was passed in 1540?
An Act was passed that abolished sanctuary.
46
What was the purpose of the Court of Augmentation established in 1537?
It was established to deal with income from the dissolution of monasteries (1536).
47
How did crown income change due to the dissolution of monasteries?
Crown income increased from £150,000 to £300,000.
48
Who were the members of the privy council?
Initially, 70 people served as privy councillors, but by 1536, a smaller group of 20 managed the work.
49
What was the Act of Union in 1536?
It incorporated Wales into England.
50
How did Geoffrey Elton view Cromwell's actions?
He regarded Cromwell's actions as modernizing the system of government into a bureaucratic government distinct from the medieval idea of personal monarchy.
51
What led to the fall of Cromwell in 1539?
His relationship with the king worsened, especially after he attempted to gain support for England by reforming the church.
52
What was Cromwell's position regarding religious decisions?
He held the position of vice-gerent of spirituals, making religious decisions in the name of the King.
53
What changes did Cromwell make to the church?
He created a more Protestant line of the church in the Ten Articles.
54
What happened when Henry fell for Catherine Howard?
Cromwell was imprisoned in the Tower on June 28, 1540, as Howard was the daughter of the Duke of Norfolk, Cromwell's enemy.
55
What was the significance of Wales' loyalty to Henry VII?
Wales was loyal to Henry VII, leading to the revival of the Council of Wales and Marches in 1493 and the acknowledgment by Marcher Lords in 1504 that they were responsible to the crown.
56
What rewards did Henry VII provide to his Welsh followers?
Henry VII rewarded Welsh followers with letters of denizenship, allowing them the same rights as Englishmen, and appointed them to positions such as bishops, sheriffs, or in courts.
57
What were the two phases of Henry VIII's policy towards Wales?
Phase 1 (1509 - 1534): Henry showed little interest in Wales but controlled some Marcher courts. Phase 2 (1534 - 1536): Disorder followed the break with Rome, leading to fears of Wales being used as a backdoor.
58
Who was Sir Rowland Lee and what was his role?
Sir Rowland Lee was appointed president of the Council of Wales and Marches; he was English and disliked the Welsh, failing to address their issues.
59
What was the 1535 act regarding Welsh Justices of the Peace?
The 1535 act created Welsh Justices of the Peace (JPs), whose job was to arrest and punish lawbreakers, with qualifications set at £20 per annum.
60
What was the economic condition of Wales during this period?
Wales was poor, which affected the ability of many to meet the £20 qualification for becoming a JP.
61
What did the First Act of 1536 do?
Incorporated, united, and annexed Wales with England.
62
What were the motives behind the First Act of 1536?
Creating a nation state, different languages were dangerous, canality, and Wales being used as a back door.
63
What privileges did Wales gain from the First Act of 1536?
Same privileges as English, appointed justices of the peace (JPs) that weren't covering parts of Wales, and had Members of Parliament (MPs) for the first time.
64
What changes occurred in the governance of Wales after the First Act of 1536?
Five shires replaced Marches lords, and Welsh people were encouraged to speak English.
65
What did the Supplementary Act of 1543 formalize?
The development of the justice system in Wales.
66
What was established by the Supplementary Act of 1543?
The Court of King's Great Sessions in Wales was formally established as the main court of prosecution.
67
How was Wales divided under the Supplementary Act of 1543?
Into 12 main counties divided into circuits.
68
What was the role of the Council of Wales and Marchers after the Supplementary Act of 1543?
Could do almost anything and was led by the Monarch.
69
What was the importance of justices of the peace (JPs) in the Supplementary Act of 1543?
There were 8 per county, and one was in charge of the shire rolls.
70
How were JPs chosen according to the Supplementary Act of 1543?
Chosen by the council to speak English, with translators available.
71
What was Cromwell's approach to finance management?
Cromwell deliberately divided management of finance into specific departments separate from Household.
72
What are the key financial courts established by Cromwell?
The court of Augmentations, court of First Fruits and Tenths (religious money), and court of Wards.
73
What is the revisionist view on Cromwell's financial management?
It suggests that Cromwell's financial management was not a grand design but rather a return to earlier systems.
74
How did Cromwell aim to extend royal power?
Cromwell tried to extend the authority of the crown and create a controlled state.
75
What is the revisionist perspective on Cromwell's policies regarding royal power?
Cromwell's policy of turning the administration into a systematic structure was seen as original.
76
What was the composition of the council under Cromwell?
The council consisted of the Privy Council with around 20 people, working independently with the King.
77
What is the revisionist view on the council's role?
The council evolved as part of Cromwell's plan, with appointments made in 1536.
78
What was Cromwell's view on the Royal Household?
Cromwell viewed the Royal Household as a major office of state, emphasizing public service.
79
What is the revisionist view on the Royal Household under Cromwell?
It suggests there was no coherent plan, just a collection of ideas rather than a revolution.
80
What is Elton's thesis regarding the Tudor revolution?
Elton's thesis posits that a revolution in government took place in the 1530s.
81
How did Cromwell influence Parliament?
Cromwell increased Parliament's significance during the Reformation, using statutes to make sweeping changes.
82
What is the revisionist view on Parliament's role during Cromwell's time?
It argues that Parliament made progress before and after Cromwell, contrary to Elton's view.

Tudor History U1 (11 decks)

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