Key Question 1: Henry VII’s Significance of Government and Politics (1485-1509) Flashcards
1
Q
How did Henry VII Securing the Throne?
A
~ political marriage to Elizabeth of York January 18, 1486
~ dated the time of his rain before the battle of Bosworth so people who supported Richard the third would be seen as traitors and he would gain their land through the act of Attainers
~ crowned himself king on October 30 before Parliament met on November 7
~ had the Pope bless their marriage
~ established power of an ability through carrot and stick policy
~ locked to Richard III nephew in the tower as he had a claim
~ John de La Pole professed his loyalty to Henry
2
Q
What was the nobility like in Henry VII reign?
A
- 1 earl and 5 barons during his reign
- title dropped from 50 to 35 major title 16 to 10
~ lots of noble families were replaced by wealthy families excluded from titles
~ reduction of nobles combining London inheritance e.g. Stafford Duke of Buckingham
~ he wanted to decrease power without alienating them
3
Q
The Carrots: Patronage
A
- giving positions of power/titles and land
- used to buy loyalty
- first awarded were Henry received loyal support before Bosworth
~ Jasper Tudor became Duke of Bedford and was restored to his Welsh estate
~ Edmund Dudley was a lawyer who became the king’s Counselor
4
Q
The Carrots: Order of the Garter
A
- awarded for honour/knighthood and reserve for Henry VII closest servants
- created 37 Knight
~ Earl of Oxford - gave prestige, not power or land
5
Q
The Carrots: King’s Council
A
- position as Kings counsellor was a sign of Kings confidence loyalty to trust servants
- two chancellors John Morton and William Warham retained their positions the longest
6
Q
The Carrots: Great Council
A
- way of gaining agreement and support of his most important subjects for potential controversial policies
~ if nobles were involved, they were less likely to disagree - they met five times (key ones)
~ 1488 authorise a subsidy for the campaign in Brittany
~ 1496 Grant loan of 120,000 for war in Scotland
7
Q
The Carrots: Acts of Attainder
A
- let the family losing the right to possessed land or inherit land
~ they were reversible as sanctioned for good behaviour
~ e.g. Thomas Howard (he and his father fought for Richard)
~ 138 containers passed and 46 reversed some rehearsals needed to be paid for
8
Q
The Sticks: Bonds and Recognisances
A
- required ability and gentry to behave and ways to determined by the king
- bonds were written in agreement which people promised to pay some of money if failed to stick to promise
- recognisances are a formal acknowledgement of a debt or an obligation that already existed
~ 36 out of 62 Noble families gave bonds or recognisances to Henry
9
Q
The Sticks: Feudal Dues (W.M.L.R)
A
- collecting money to aid Henry financially and help re-establish the monarchy
- wardships: King took control of the estates of minors until they came of age - taking most of the profit
- marriage: profiting from arranged marriages of heirs
- livery: King was paid in order to have someone recover land from wardships
- relief: king receive money as land was inherited from a form of inheritance tax
~ Dowager Duchess of Buckingham was fined 7000 Ferrari without a license
10
Q
The Sticks: Retaining
A
- noble practice of recruiting gentry followers, Lordswood recruit those of low social status to fight for them
- help the king to gain armies if needed on short notice
~ chance Nobles rise up to fight
~ play an important role in the war of the roses - 1487 and 1504 restricting retaining laws and he needed a license
~ 1504 £5 per month per illegal retainer
11
Q
The Sticks: Crown Lands
A
- bring back as much land as possible into crown hands
- land equals power
- 1486 Parliament passed active resumption granting the crown properties away
12
Q
The Sticks: Benefiting of Controlling the Nobles
A
- helps Henry VII own finances
- help restore law and order through cooperation
- prevent over mighty magnets
- keep controlled in spite of being a usurper
13
Q
Foreign Policy: Ireland
A
- during the war island was primarily Yorkist, seen as a possibility for invasion attempts
~ starting point for the pretenders - mainly relied on local ability to roll on his behalf
~ when Earl of Kildare proved to help traitors Henry tried to rule island directly
~ later appointed Prince Henry VIII Lord Lieutenant and Lord deputy to Sir Edward Poynings
14
Q
Foreign Policy: Scotland
A
- Henry was concerned about border raids
- Scotland mainly allied with France, therefore it was a threat
- threat was mainly seen in warbeck incident
- Henry negotiated the ‘Truce of Ayton in 1497’ a 7 year truth securing board rebels
~ King James IV married Margaret Tudor (Henry’s daughter)
15
Q
Foreign Policy: Spain
A
- Henry sought diplomatic relations, ‘Treaty of Medina del Campo 1489’ Bunnings Spain from Harburn rebels
- treaty agreed to marriage of Catherine of Vagon to Prince Arthur Tudor but light became problematic when he diedtt
16
Q
Foreign Policy: Burgundy
A
- allied with the Yorkists even during Henry VII reign, providing refugee support for a takeover
- Margaret of Burgundy was key in actions of pretenders, she was wealthy and powerful
- also held Edmund de la pole (Earl of Suffolk) who challenged Henry VII
- very important to England as it was a trade centre for England’s cloth industry - use trade links to bolster security
17
Q
Foreign Policy: France
A
- helped Henry VII invade England, but Henry was wary as it had increased in power in size, largest population at 15 million
- relations were problematic in 1487 as they wanted to take control of Britney
- Henry sent troops and raised money to go to war
- 1492 negotiated ‘Treaty of Estaples’, agreeing France would pay England an annual pension of 5000 to remove troops from France and Harbour rebels
18
Q
Foreign Policy: Wales
A
- divided principality in marches each Lordship has its own judicial system - plagued by disorder
- Edward IV established council of marches to govern Wales in 1471
- 1493 Wales and matches were restored and Family links connected
- appointed Welshman to keep places in the government
19
Q
Foreign Policy: Brittany
A
- France sent troops to take control
- Brittany had protected Henry during exile and was also a key trade link
- 1489 ‘Treaty of Redon’ sending 6000 troops to help and find a solution but ended up losing Britney
20
Q
What was Henry VII like with finance?
A
- financial base with essential, Henry needed money to fund soldiers
- he was a usurper he wasn’t secure on the throne
- needed to adopt sensible approach and recognised too many taxes would lead to rebellion
- “the best businessman to ever sit thrown”
~ historians argue it was built on Edward IV’s system
~ he remain poor in comparison to the mono
21
Q
What is the Exchequer?
A
- centre of financial administration
- receive pay and pay out money + audit accounts
~ system was to prevent embezzlement but led to many problems - took years for money to be collected and the king had a little control
- Henry VII restored the chamber as the new finance centre in 1487
22
Q
What is the chamber?
A
- based on the Kings Private apartments they give the King more control and flexibility over what happens in his kingdom
- used surveyors and auditors to max income
- 1490 chamber handle 90% of income and annual turnover was £100,000
23
Q
Who is the financial personnel?
A
- most important financial figure
- Sir Thomas Lovell = treasure of the chamber 1485 to 1492
- Sir John Heron = treasurer 1492 to 1509
- Henry took a personal interest in finance and worked with both men and Henry signed all the documents
- his most trusted advisor was Sir Reginald Bray
24
Q
What were the effects on the household?
A
- privy chamber took over responsibility for Henry’s personal expenditure
- members, social position quickly improved as they had the attention of the king
25
Henry VII’s revenue was?
* ordinary was money the king could rely on
* extraordinary revenue was collected in times of need
26
Ordinary revenue: Crown lands
* key to regular income so Henry insured it was looked after
* act of resumption 1485 to 1487
~ allowed to recover or land, offices and revenues
* act of attainder helped gain more land meaning as were deprived of land if convicted of treason
* Jasper Tudor was rewarded for his support with commissions in Ireland and Wales. He also gained land from loved ones.
* 1509 money increased to £42,000
27
Ordinary revenue: custom duties
duties laid on wool, leather, cloth and wine and also helped with trade
28
Ordinary revenue: feudal dues
* Henry exercise his right as wardship
* exercise right to relief whereby payment was to be made to recover inheritance
* inquisitors post Morton ferret out under age heirs (£350-£6000)
29
Ordinary revenue: prophets of justice
Henry was head of judicial system he was entitled to profits and eager to accept fines rather than imprisonment or execution of others
30
Extraordinary revenue: Parliamentary grant
* tries a profitable system in 1489 but only a third of the expected amount was collected
* riots broke out in Yorkshire - reverted to all system
* attempts to introduce direct taxation led to riots in Cornwall in 1496
31
Extraordinary revenue: loans and benevolences
* he requested loans in 1496 to deal with the Warbeck pretender incident
* he paid back quickly as to not stir resentment in loyal people
* benevolences were forced loans and repayment wasn’t expected
~ in 1491 England invaded France is when they were used
32
Extraordinary revenue: clerical taxes
* Henry and the church had good relations
* 1489 Church gave £25,000 towards cost of French war
33
Extraordinary revenue: feudal obligations
* as few Lord Henry could demand money from his subjects for special occasions
~ knighting Prince Arthur and the marriage of Princess Margaret to which he exploited
34
Extraordinary revenue: French pension
* treaty of estaples secured Henry an annul pension of £5000 in return from withdrawing from the wall
* the chamber had a Yorkist innovation and council learned in law was innovation of Henry’s reign
35
What was Henry’s Government like?
* 1485 Henry had to quickly gain authority. He had no personal experience or training in government and major upheaval would breed inefficiency
* Henry began with restoring good government to deal with changes and dealing with problems
36
Henry’s Government: Parliament
* called on seven times and 24 years
* early parliament made policies with kings approval but later occasionally criticised
* Henry didn’t use parliament very much. It only served royal interest
* first decade they met five times but may need to pass acts of attainders against political opponents
* secured king custom duties for life amounting to £33,000 a year
* me twice between 1497 and 1509
37
Henry’s Government: great council
* formed assemblies of nobleman, churchman and councils to discuss politics of the nation
* used to announce new plans or take advice from English political elite
* binding meant aims and letter of Royal policy
* five summonings between 1487 and 1502 used to seek advice on war taxation and having nobles agreed to your plans allows them to not back out
~ men were made to sign documents pleading the king to retreat therefore no coward this was shown on the English side
38
Henry’s Government: household
* way smaller and they revolved around the king, Henry was the most active monarch both King and chief minister in age of centralised personal government
* hub of government activities and they met when the king needed
* discussed politics such as defence or taxation plans to offer advice
* acting court justice
39
Henry’s Government: Royal Council
* made of the most trusted advisors of followers such as John Moreton and Richard Fox
* selected on intelligence and quality of work not ranking society
* majority were lawyers as experience was crucial
* people such as John De vera the Earl of Oxford was given Anglia
* loyal men would stay longer
40
Henry’s Government: council learned in law
* smaller court such as the quarter of requests but they were professional and established in 1495 interested with the Kings rights’ feudal Lord
* responsible to keeping up-to-date with warship, marriage, and relief for all of the Kings tenants
* collecting feudal dues
* supervise collection of financial penalties such as bonds and recognises
* feared with Richard Empson in power 1504
41
Henry’s Government: regional government
* council of North/Wales originated in York time and they continue to function during Henry’s reign
* they were regions to remote from London to be effectively controlled by central government but made sure they were closely linked
* Jasper Tudor and Thomas Howard where to enforce areas
42
Henry’s Government: regional government of Wales
* divided into principality and marches and each Lordship had their own judicial system and administrative system - wales suffered administrative chaos and was plugged by disorder
* Edward VI’s council improve situation in Wales and set a precedent Henry followed
* council of Wales and marches were reestablished by Henry in 1493
* Family links they stayed loyal
43
Henry’s Government: regional government of the north
* more lawless and Yorkist
* Richard III had greatest council of the north there were some claim that Henry chose to allow it to lapse
* use the murderer of the Earl of Northumberland to install Thomas Howard but he had no experience
* they wanted protection from the Scotts
44
Henry’s Government: regional government of local government
* justice of peace were answerable to the king this restricted power of magnets and prevent prevented them from becoming too powerful
* 1487 JP’s were given authority to grant bail and in 1495 were given authority to deal with the juries tainted by loyalty to local nobles, they also served for a year before the position was put up for reappointment by the king
* loyalty equal advancement
45
Who is the pretender Lambert Simnel?
* 1486 to 1487, he pretended to be Edward VI the Earl of Warwick
* he was treated by Simmonds and had sophisticated upbringing
* supported by Richard Simmonds, John de la pole, and Margaret of Burgundy
* went to Ireland, which had the most Yorkers sympathy - greeted by Fitzgerald
* defeated in a rebellion as it was 8000 men to 12,000 of Henry’s army
* Henry gave him a kitchen job
46
Who is the pretender Perkin Warbeck?
* 4091 to 1499 he pretended to be Prince Richard, Edward VI’s Son
* born in the Netherlands and the servant of Yorkists to Sir Edward Brampton he was supported by John Taylor, Charles VIII and Margaret of Burgundy
* Henry spies uncovered English conspirators amongst the government such as so William Stanley who was executed in 1495
* war back was sent to the Tower of London and hung
47
Henry VII Advisers: Reginald Bray
* 1440 to 1503 from Worcestershire the son of a gentleman surgeon
* first records 1465 in Margaret Beaufort and Henry Stafford’s household as he travelled on their behalf managing their estates and legal affairs
* 1475 he married Catherine Hussey and 1485 Bray was middled an experienced servant
* as chancellor he delivered revenues to Henry and he was The Knight of King’s body -help track down Warbeck
* Knight of Garter
48
Henry VII Advisers: Richard Fox
* 1447 to 1528
* went to Cambridge and became a lawyer who was important enough to reach notice of Richard III in 1485
* 1487 keeper of the previous seal
* led all of Henry’s major negotiations to make treaties
* utterly loyal and a very close friend he gained wealth and success later becoming bishop of Winchester in 1501
49
Henry VII Advisers: John Morton
* 1420 to 1500
* became a notary in 1447 in Oxford. He was successful as a protector of the chancellors office and a principle of civil law
* 1453, he entered Royal service
* lawyer and government service and affirm adherent of Lancaster and cause
* became Archbishop of Canterbury by 1493 he became cardinal
* 1487 became Chancellor head of church and head of administration
