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CVR anatomy > Key Points > Flashcards

Key Points Flashcards

1
Q

Apex beat

A

Left 5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular line

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2
Q

Right heart border

A

SVC – right atrium

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3
Q

Left heart border

A

Aortic knuckle – left pulmonary artery – LA appendage – left ventricle

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4
Q

Anterior surface of heart

A

mainly right ventricle

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5
Q

Posterior surface of heart

A

mainly left atrium and pulmonary veins

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6
Q

Mediastinum division

A

Area between right and left pleura, divided as follows:
- Plane between sternal angle and T4/5 divides superior and inferior mediastinum
- Pericardium divides anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum

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7
Q

Pericardium

A

Consists of fibrous (parietal) and visceral layers
Pericardial space is a potential space

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8
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

Rapid collection of pericardial fluid is restricted and impairs filling

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9
Q

Pleural reflection

A

allows drainage of pericardial fluid from the left of the xiphisternum

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10
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

mitral and tricuspid are an intrinsic part of their ventricle
- Disorders of the ventricle often affect function of the relevant Atrioventricular valve

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11
Q

Papillary muscles

A

(part of ventricle) attach to atrioventricular valves via chordae tendinae

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12
Q

Semilunar valves

A

(aortic and pulmonary) are an intrinsic part of their great artery
- Disorders of the aorta or pulmonary artery often affect function of their respective valves

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13
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the heart

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14
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

carry oxygenated blood back to the heart
- Four pulmonary veins (usually 4) drain into the left atrium

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15
Q

Coronary sinus

A

drains blood from the heart muscle into the right atrium

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16
Q

Right atrium

A

has smooth (from sinus venosus) and trabeculated (from original atrium) portions

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17
Q

Fossa ovalis

A

the remains of the foramen ovale which was patent in foetal life

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18
Q

Crista terminalis

A

separates smooth and trabeculated portions of right atrium

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19
Q

Cardiac muscle cells

A

cross link and join at intercalated discs

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20
Q

Coronary arteries

A

arise from the aortic root sinuses and supply the heart itself
- Coronary arteries are epicardial and therefore accessible to the surgeon (bypass surgery)
- Two main coronary arteries, left and right
- Coronaries are functional end arteries, unless collateral supply has developed

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21
Q

Left main artery stem divides into…

A

left anterior descending (LAD) and circumflex (Cx) branches

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22
Q

Left anterior descending

A

runs in the anterior interventricular groove
- The LAD gives off septal and diagonal branches to the septum and left ventricular myocardium

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23
Q

Circumflex artery

A

runs in the left atrioventricular groove
- The Cx gives off obtuse marginal branches to the posterolateral LV wall
- In 10% the Cx provides the posterior descending artery (PDA)

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24
Q

Right coronary artery

A

runs in the right atrioventricular groove
- Usually supplies sinus node, AV node and branches to the anterior RV wall
- Distal RCA branches into posterolateral and posterior descending arteries (latter in about 70% of people)

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25
Q

Posterior interventricular artery

A

runs in the posterior interventricular groove and supplies inferior septum and LV
- Dominance refers to the artery (RCA or Cx) which supplies the posterior descending artery
- Most people (70%) are right dominant – RCA supplies the PDA
- About 20% are co-dominant – RCA and Cx both help supply the PDA
- About 10% are left dominant – Cx supplies the PDA

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26
Q

The superior and inferior mediastinum are separated by a line that connects the sternal angle to the junction between which two vertebrae?

A

T4-5

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27
Q

The descending (thoracic) aorta passes through the diaphragm at which vertebral level?

A

T12

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28
Q

Where is the azygos vein located

A

Posterior mediastinum

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29
Q

The inferior vena cava passes through the diaphragm at which vertebral level?

A

T8

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30
Q

The oesophagus passes through the diaphragm at which vertebral level?

A

T10

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31
Q

Where is the ascending aorta located

A

Anterior mediastinum

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32
Q

Where is the internal thoracic artery located

A

Posterior aspect of anterior thoracic wall

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33
Q

Where is the pericardium located

A

Middle part of mediastinum

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34
Q

Where is the phrenic nerve located

A

Along the antero-lateral surface of the mediastinum

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35
Q

Where do the posterior intercostal arteries branch from

A

Descending (thoracic) aorta

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36
Q

Where do the anterior intercostal arteries branch from

A

Internal thoracic arteries

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37
Q

Where do the inferior phrenic arteries branch from

A

Abdominal aorta

38
Q

Where do the internal thoracic arteries branch from

A

The subclavian artery

39
Q

Where do the thyrocervical trunks branch from

A

Subclavian arteries

40
Q

Into which structure does the azygos vein drain?

A

Superior vena cava

41
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain into?

A

junction between the left internal jugular vein and the left subclavian vein.
There is only one thoracic duct and it is located on the left side of the posterior thorax.

42
Q

Sympathetic fibres that join the sympathetic trunk have their cell bodies in which parts of the spinal cord?

A

T1 -L2

43
Q

Which spinal nerves contribute to the formation of the greater splanchnic nerve?

A

T5-T9

44
Q

Which nerve roots contribute to the brachial plexus

A

C5-T1

45
Q

Sympathetic fibres that travel to the cardiac plexus originate from which segments of the spinal cord?

A

T1-T5

46
Q

Where is the phrenic nerve located

A

Posterior triangle of the neck

47
Q

The sternocleidomastoid muscle is innervated by which nerve(s)?

A

Accessory nerve (CN XI)

48
Q

What nerves Innervate the infrahyoid muscles

A

Ansa cervicalis (fibres from C1-C3)

49
Q

What does the Glossopharyngeal nerve innervate

A

Posterior 1/3 of tongue (general sensation and taste) and pharynx (sensation)

50
Q

What does the Hypoglossal nerve innervate

A

Motor muscles to the tongue

51
Q

What does the vagus nerve innervate

A

sensory to the larynx, motor to the pharyngeal muscles, motor to the intrinsic muscles of the larynx and supplies parasympathetic fibres to the thoracic viscera.

52
Q

Which artery gives rise to the superior thyroid artery?

A

External carotid artery

53
Q

Which artery gives rise to the inferior thyroid artery?

A

Thyrocervical trunk (branch of subclavian artery)

54
Q

Which nerve carries visceral sensory fibres from the carotid sinus baroreceptors to the medulla?

A

Glossopharyngeal

55
Q

Typical cervical vertebra

A

foramen in each transverse process which transmits the vertebral artery.

horizontal, bifid spinous processes, oval-shaped vertebral bodies and a triangular-shaped vertebral foramen. They do not have costal facets for the ribs.

56
Q

Typical thoracic vertebrae

A

long, obliquely-angled spinous processes; heart-shaped vertebral bodies, a round vertebral foramen and costal facets for articulation with the ribs.

57
Q

The infrahyoid (‘strap’) muscles depress which TWO structures during speech and swallowing?

A

move the hyoid bone and larynx inferiorly during speech and swallowing.

58
Q

The internal carotid artery supplies which region / structure?

A

Brain

59
Q

Which nerve descends in the neck in the carotid sheath?

A

Vagus nerve

60
Q

What is the name for the space between the true vocal folds?

A

Rims glottidis

61
Q

What is the vestibule

A

narrow space between the vestibular fold (false vocal cord) and the true vocal cord.

62
Q

What is the vallecula

A

space between the posterior surface of the tongue and the anterior surface of the epiglottis.

63
Q

What requires adduction of the vocal folds?

A

Normal speech

64
Q

Contraction of the cricothyroid results in

A

Lengthening of the vocal chords

lengthens the cords and places tension on them.

65
Q

Contraction of the posterior cricoarytenoids results in

A

abduct the cords and open the rima glottidis.

66
Q

The transverse arytenoid…

A

adducts the cords and closes the rima glottidis.

67
Q

Which bone forms the inferior part of the nasal septum?

A

Vomer

68
Q

Which nerve supplies sensory innervation to the internal nasal cavity?

A

Trigeminal

69
Q

Into which region does the maxillary sinus drain?

A

Middle meatus

70
Q

The auditory tube connects which two regions?

A

Middle ear and nasopharynx

71
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscles of the soft palate?

A

Vagus nerve

72
Q

What is the name of the space between the posterior aspect of the tongue and the epiglottis?

A

Vallecula

73
Q

piriform recesses

A

located in the larynx lateral to the epiglottis.

74
Q

oral vestibule

A

space between the teeth and the cheek.

75
Q

sublingual space

A

space below the tongue where the sublingual salivary gland is located.

76
Q

Which nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Facial nerve

77
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils located?

A

Lateral wall of the oropharynx

78
Q

Which nerve supplies secretomotor fibres to the submandibular salivary gland?

A

Facial

79
Q

Mumps is a viral infection that classically causes painful inflammation of which structure?

A

Mumps is a viral infection that can cause swelling of the salivary glands (primarily the parotid gland).

The palatine tonsil may become inflamed and infected as a result of viral or bacterial infection. This is called tonsillitis.

80
Q

tubal tonsils

A

lie around the opening of the auditory tube.

81
Q

pharyngeal tonsil (‘adenoid’)

A

lies in the roof of the nasal cavity.

82
Q

lingual tonsil

A

lies on the posterior part of the superior surface of the tongue.

83
Q

nasolacrimal duct drains into

A

inferior meatus.

84
Q

The inferior border of the lung is located at the level of which rib posteriorly?

A

10th

85
Q

The inferior border of the lung is located at the level of which rib anteriorly?

A

6th

86
Q

The inferior border of the lung is located at the level of which rib laterally?

A

8th

87
Q

The right recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under which structure, before ascending back into the neck?

A

Right subclavian artery

88
Q

The inferior border of the heart is formed mostly by which structure?

A

Right ventricle

89
Q

Under which rib does the horizontal fissure lie

A

4

90
Q

Which side of the vertebral column does the azygous vein lie

A

Right

CVR anatomy (13 decks)

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