Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

H Chemistry > key definitions according to the course specifications > Flashcards

key definitions according to the course specifications Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Periodic Table flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

groups

A

vertical columns within the table containing elements with similar chemical properties resulting from a common number of electrons in the outer shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

periods

A

rows of elements arranged wih increasing atomic number, demonstrating an increasing number of outer electrons and a move from metallic to non-metallic characteristics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

covalent radius

A

measure of the size of an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

first ionisation energy

A

the energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

second and subsequent ionisation energies

A

the energies required to remove further moles of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

electronegativity

A

a measure of the attraction an atom involved in a bond has for the electrons of the bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

covalent bond

A

a result of two positive nuclei being held together by their common attraction for the shared pair of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

formed when the attraction of the atoms for the pair of bonding electrons is differnet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

van der waals forces

A

the intermolecular forces acting between molecules. several different types of these including london dispersion forces, permanent dipole-permanent dipole which include h ydrogen bonding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

london dispersion forces

A

forces of attraction operating between all atoms and molecules. much weaker than all other types of bonding. formed as a result of the electrostatic attraction between temporary dipoles and induced dipoles caused by movement of electrons in atoms and molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

polar molecule

A

a moment is described this way if it has a permanent dipole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

permanent dipole-permanent dipole interactions

A

additional electrostatic forces of attraction between polar molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

electrostatic forces of attraction between molecules that contain highly polar bonds of hydrogen bonded to oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

reduction

A

gain of electrons by a reactant in any reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electrons by a reactant in any reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

oxidising agent

A

a substance that accepts electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

reducing agent

A

a substance that donates electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the electrochemical series

A

represents a series of reduction reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

saturated compounds

A

ones containing only single C-C bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

unsaturated compounds

A

ones containing at least one C=C bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

addition reactions

A

in these reactions, two molecules combine to form a single molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

isomers

A

these are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae. they may belong to different homologous series and they usually have different physical properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

volatility

A

ease of evaporation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

alcohol

A

a molecule containing a hydroxyl functional group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

primary alcohol

A

the hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon that has two hydrogens attached to it and 1 carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

secondary alcohol

A

hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon that is attached to 2 carbons and a hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

tertiary alcohol

A

hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon that is attached to 3 other carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

diols

A

alcohol containing two hydroxyl groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

triols

A

alcohols containing three hydroxyl groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

carboxylic acid

A

a molecule containging the carboxyl functional group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

ester

A

a molecule containing an ester link. these are used as flavourings and fragrances and many have pleasant, fruity smells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

condensation reaction

A

reaction where two molecules are joined together with the elimination of a small molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

hydrolysis

A

a molecule reacts with water to break down into smaller molecules

34
Q

edible fats and oils

A

esters formed from the condensation reaction of glycerol and three carboxylic acid molecules

35
Q

fats and oils are…

A

a concentrated source of energy and essential for the transport and storage of fat-soluble vitamins in the body

36
Q

soaps

A

ionic salts produced by the alkaline hydrolysis of edible fats and oils.

37
Q

structure of soap

A
  • long non polar hydrophobic tails

- hydrophilic negatively charged ionic heads

38
Q

hard water

A

a term used to describe water containing high levels of dissolved metal ions

39
Q

scum

A

insoluble precipitate formed when soap is used in hard water

40
Q

emulsion

A

contains small droplets of one liquid dispersed in another

41
Q

emulsifier

A

used to prevent non polar and polar substances separating into layers

42
Q

proteins

A

major structural materials of animal tissue and are also involved in the maintenance and regulation of life processes.

43
Q

enzymes

A

proteins which act as biological catalysts

44
Q

amino acids

A

building blocks from which proteins are formed. relatively small molecules which all contain an amino group

45
Q

essential amino acids

A

the amino acids required for protein synthesis that the body cannot make that must be acquired from the diet

46
Q

denaturing

A

the denaturing of proteins in foods causes he texture to change when it is cooked.

47
Q

oxidation (oxidation of food0

A

an increase in the oxygen to hydrogen ratio

48
Q

reduction (oxidation of food)

A

decrease in the oxygen to hydrogen ratio

49
Q

aldehydes and ketons

A

molecules containing the carbonyl functional group

50
Q

rancidity

A

the oxidation of edible oils gives food a rancid flavour

51
Q

antioxidants

A

molecules that prevent unwanted oxidation reactions occurring. they are easily oxidised and oxidise in the place of the compounds they have been added to protect. they can be identified as the substance being oxidised in a redox equation

52
Q

essential oils

A

concentrated extracts of the volatile, non water soluble aroma compounds from plants

53
Q

terpenes

A

key components in most essential oils. unsaturated compounds formed by joining together isoprene units

54
Q

ultraviolet radiation

A

a high energy form of light, present in sunlight. UV light can provide sufficient energy to break bonds within molecules.

55
Q

free radicals

A

free radicals are atoms or molecules that are highly reactive due to the presence of unpaired electrons

56
Q

free radical chain reactions

A

involve the following steps; initiation, propagation, termination

57
Q

initation

A

UV lights break bonds to form free radicals

58
Q

propagation

A

free radicals collide with other species but the number of free radicals is maintained.

59
Q

termination

A

free radicals can react with other free radicals and are used up

60
Q

free radical scavengers

A

molecules that react with free radicals to form stable molecules and prevent chain reactions from occurring. they are added to many products including cosmetics, food products and plastics

61
Q

factors influencing industrial process design

A
  • availability, sustainability and cost of feedstocks
  • opportunities for recycling
  • energy requirements
  • marketability of by-products
  • product yield
62
Q

environmental considerations of industrial process design

A
  • minimising waste
  • avoiding the use or production of toxic substances
  • designing products which will biodegrade if appropriate
63
Q

molar volume

A

the volume occupied by one mole of any gas at a certain temperature and pressure. it is the same for all gases at the same temperature and pressure

64
Q

theoretical yield

A

the quantity of desired product obtained assuming the full conversion of the limiting reagent

65
Q

actual yield

A

the quantity of desired product formed under the prevailing reaction conditions

66
Q

atom economy

A

measures the proportion of the total mass of all starting materials converted into the desired product in the balanced equation

67
Q

enthalpy change

A

the energy difference between the products and the reactants

68
Q

activation energy

A

minimum energy required by colliding particles to form an activated complex. minimum kinetic energy required by colliding particles before a reaction may occur

69
Q

activated complex

A

unstable arrangement of atoms formedat the maximum of a potential energy barrier during a reaction

70
Q

catalyst

A

substance that provides an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy

71
Q

temperature

A

a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance

72
Q

exothermic

A

a reaction or process that releases heat energy

73
Q

endothermic

A

a reaction or process that takes in heat energy

74
Q

enthalpy of combustion of a substance

A

the enthalpy change when one mole of a substance burns completely in oxygen

75
Q

Hess’s law

A

states that the enthalpy change for a chemical reaction is independent of the route taken

76
Q

molar bond enthalpy

A

the energy required to break one mole of bonds in a diatomic molecule

77
Q

mean molar bond enthalpy

A

the average energy required to break one mole of bonds, for a bond that occurs in a number of compounds

78
Q

equibrium

A

at equilibrium, the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant, but are rarely equal.

79
Q

chromatography

A

a technique used to separate the components present within a mixture

80
Q

volumetric analysis

A

involves using a solution of accurately known concentration in a quantitative reaction to determine the concentration of another substance

81
Q

titration

A

used to accurately determine the volumes of solution required to reach the end point of a chemical reaction

82
Q

standard solutions

A

solutions of accurately known concentration are known as standard solutions

H Chemistry (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions