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Biology Year 12 > Key Definitions > Flashcards

Key Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

a-glucose

A

glucose in which the hydrogen atom on carbon atom number one projects above the plane of the ring,

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2
Q

ab initio protein modelling

A

a model is built based on the physical and electrical properties of the atoms in each amino acid in the sequence

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3
Q

accuracy

A

how close a measured or calculated value is to the true value

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4
Q

active immunity

A

where the immune system is activated and manufactures its own antibodies

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5
Q

active site

A

an indented area on the surface of an enzyme molecule, with a shape that is complementary to the shape of the substrate molecule

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6
Q

active transport

A

the movement of substances against their concentration gradient, from low to high concentration of these substances across a cell membrane, using ATP and protein carriers.

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7
Q

adaptation

A

a characteristic that enhances survival in the habitat

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8
Q

adhesion

A

the attraction between water molecules and the walls of the xylem vessel

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9
Q

affinity

A

a strong attraction

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10
Q

agglutination

A

the clumping of insoluble antigen molecules caused by crosslinking by antibodies that have a number of binding sites

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11
Q

agglutinins

A

antibodies that cause pathogens to stick togther

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12
Q

allele

A

a version of a gene, also called genetic variant

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13
Q

alveoli

A

tiny folds of the lung epithelium to increase the surface area

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14
Q

amino acids

A

monomers of all proteins, and all amino acids have the same basic structure

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15
Q

amphiphilic

A

attracted to both water and fat- containing hydrophobic/lipophilic and hydrophilic/lipophobic parts

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16
Q

amylopectin molecule

A

a molecule of polysaccharide with glycosidic bonds between carbon 1 and 4, and branches formed by glycosidic bonds between carbon 1 and 6. It is a constituent of starch

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17
Q

amylose molecule

A

a molecule of polysaccharide with long straight chains of between 100 to 1000 a-glucose molecules. It is a constituent of starch. Like maltose, it has glycosidic bonds between carbon 1 and 4

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18
Q

anatomy

A

the branch of science concerned with studying the bodily structure of living organisms

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19
Q

angina pectoris

A

a condition marked by severe pain in the chest, resulting from an inadequate blood supply, and therefore the lack of oxygen, to the heart muscle that causes the coronary arteries to spasm (tighten)

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20
Q

anion

A

a negatively charged ion

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21
Q

anomaly

A

a result that does not fit the expected trend or pattern

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22
Q

antibiotic

A

a chemical which prevents the growth of microorganisms. Antibiotics can be antibacterial or antifungal

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23
Q

antibodies

A

specific proteins released by plasma cells that can attach to pathogenic antigens

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24
Q

antigen-presenting cell

A

a cell that isolated the antigen from a pathogen and places it one the plasma membrane so that it can be recognized by other cells in the immune system

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25
Q

antigen

A

a membrane-bound molecules used to recognise pathogens

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26
Q

anti-toxins

A

antibodies that render toxins harmless

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27
Q

aorta

A

the main artery of the body in mammals

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28
Q

apoplast pathway

A

route by which water travels through the cell walls and in spaces between cells of plant tissue when travelling from roots to xylem and from xylem to leaves.

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29
Q

apoptosis

A

the death of cells which happens as a normal part of an organisms growth and development

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30
Q

archaea

A

prokaryotic microorganisms of similar size to bacteria but having some differences of metabolism

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31
Q

arithmetic mean

A

the average value of numbers in a collection, found by dividing the sum of all the values by the number of vale in the collection

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32
Q

arteries

A

vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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33
Q

arterioles

A

small blood vessels that distribute the blood from an artery to the capillaries

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34
Q

artificial classification

A

a classification based on just one or a few characteristics

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35
Q

artificial immunity

A

immunity that is achieved as a result of medical intervention

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36
Q

artificial insemination

A

The medical or veterinary procedure of injecting semen, collected from a male animal, into the vagina or uterus of a female of the same species.

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37
Q

asexual reproduction

A

some multicellular organisms and single-called protoctists such as Ameoba and Paramecium divide by mitosis to produce new individuals. They are genetically identical to the parent.

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38
Q

assimilates

A

substances that have become part of the plant

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39
Q

asymptomatic

A

not having symptoms

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40
Q

atria

A

thin-walled chambers of the heart that receives the blood from the veins and then pass into the ventricles.

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41
Q

atrio-ventricular nose (AVN)

A

a patch of tissue in the heart at the top of the septum that conducts the excitation wave from the atria to the ventricles

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42
Q

atrio-ventricular valves

A

valves between the atria and the ventricles, which ensure that blood flows in the correct direction

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43
Q

B-glucose

A

glucose in which the hydrogen atom on carbon atom number one projects below the plane of the ring.

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44
Q

B memory cells

A

cells that remain in the blood for a long time, providing long-term immunity

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45
Q

bacterium

A

a member of a large group of unicellular microorganisms that have cell walls made of murein but lack membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus. Their DNA floats free in the cytoplasm

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46
Q

behavioural adaptations

A

the ways that behaviour is modified for survival

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47
Q

binary fission

A

a type of division found in prokaryotic cells and organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria

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48
Q

binomial system

A

a system that uses the genus name and the species name to avoid confusion when naming organisms

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49
Q

biodiversity

A

a measure of the variation found in the living world

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50
Q

blood

A

the fluid used to transport materials around the body

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51
Q

Bohr effect

A

the effect that extra carbon dioxide has on the haemoglobin, explaining the release of more oxygen

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52
Q

bordered pits

A

the part of the plant cell walls which allow the exchange of fluids between tracheids or vessel elements

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53
Q

bradycardia

A

a slow heart rhythm

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54
Q

breathing rate

A

the number of breaths per minute

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55
Q

bronchi and bronchioles

A

smaller airways leading into the lungs

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56
Q

buccal cavity

A

the mouth

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57
Q

buffer

A

a solution that resists changes in pH, so keeps the pH stable

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58
Q

callose

A

a large polysaccharide deposit that blocks old or damaged phloem sieve tubes

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59
Q

canker

A

a sunken lesion in tree bark caused by necrosis

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60
Q

capillaries

A

very small vessels with very thin walls

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61
Q

carbaminohemoglobin

A

a compound of Haemoglobin and carbon dioxide, and is one of the forms in which carbon dioxide exists in the blood, within red blood cells. 10% of carbon dioxide is carried in blood this way

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62
Q

carbohydrates

A

a group of molecules containing carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

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63
Q

carbonic acid

A

a very weak acid formed when carbon dioxide reacts with water

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64
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

the enzyme that cataylses the combination of carbon dioxide and water

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65
Q

cardiac cycle

A

the sequence of events in one full beat of the mammalian heart

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66
Q

cardiac muscle

A

specialised muscle found in the walls of the heart chambers

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67
Q

cartilage

A

a form of connective tissue

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68
Q

casparian strip

A

an impermeable, waterproof substance (suberin) in the walls of the endodermal cells of plant roots. It creates a water tight seal between the cells, preventing water entering the xylem via the apoplast pathway

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69
Q

catalyst

A

a chemical that speeds up the rate of a reaction and remains unchanged and reusable at the end of the reaction

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70
Q

cation

A

a positively charged ion

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71
Q

chloride shift

A

the movement of chloride ions into the erythrocytes to balance the charge as hydrogencarbonate ions leave the cell

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72
Q

chromatids

A

replicate the chromosomes

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73
Q

chromotography

A

a technique for the separation of a mixture by passing it in solution or suspension through a medium in which the components of the mixture move at different rates

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74
Q

circulatory system

single

A

one in which the blood flows through the heart once for each circuit of the body

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75
Q

circulatory system

double

A

one in which the blood flows through the heart twice for each circuit of the body

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76
Q

ciliated epithelium

A

a layer of cells that have many hair-like extensions called cilia

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77
Q

CITES

A

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

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78
Q

class

A

a taxonomic group of organisms that all poses the same general traits e.g. the same number of legs

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79
Q

classification

A

the process of placing living things into groups

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80
Q

climate change

A

significant, long-lasting changes in weather patterns

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81
Q

clonal expansion

A

an increase in the number of cells by mitotic cell division

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82
Q

clonal selection

A

selection of specific B or T cell that is specific to the antigen

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83
Q

closed circulatory system

A

one in which the blood is held in the vessels

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84
Q

coenzymes

A

small organic non-protein molecules that bind temporarily to the active site of enzyme molecules, either just before or at the same time that the substrate binds

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85
Q

cofactor

A

a substance that has to be present to ensure that an enzyme-catalysed reaction takes place at an appropriate rate. Some cofactors (prosthetic groups) are part of the enzyme structure, and others (mineral ion cofactors and organic coenzymes) form temporary associations with the enzyme

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86
Q

cohesion

A

the attraction between water molecules caused by hydrogen bonds

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87
Q

collenchyma cells

A

cells that have thick cellulose walls and strengthen vascular bundles and outer parts of the stems, whilst also allowing some flexibility in these regions

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88
Q

colorimeter

A

an instrument for measuring the absorbance of different wavelengths of the light in a solution

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89
Q

common anscestor

A

the most recent individual from which a set of organisms in a group are directly descended

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90
Q

companion cells

A

plant cells that help to load sucrose into the sieve tubes

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91
Q

comparative protein modelling

A

one approach is protein threading, which scans the amino acid sequence against a database of solved structures and produces a set of possible models which would match that sequence

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92
Q

competitive inhibition

A

inhibition of an enzyme, where the inhibitor molecule has a similar shape to that of the substrate molecule and competes with the substrate for the enzyme’s active site. It blocks the active site and prevents formation of enzyme-substrate complexes.

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93
Q

computer modelling

A

a model of a process which is created on a computer, often used for processes that can need the increased calculation speed

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94
Q

concentration

A

the abundance of molecules per unit volume

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95
Q

concentration gradient

A

a measurement of how the concentration of a substrate changes from one place to another, often across a membrane

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96
Q

conformational change

A

a change in the shape of a macromolecule

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97
Q

conjugated protein

A

a protein associated with a non-protein component

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98
Q

connective tissue

A

a widely distributed animal/mammalian tissue consisting of cells in an extracellular matrix of protein and polysaccharide; includes bone, cartilage and blood

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99
Q

conservation ex situ

A

carrying out active management to maintain the biodiversity in the natural environment

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100
Q

continuous variation

A

variation where there are two extremes and a full range of values in between

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101
Q

convergent evolution

A

the process whereby organisms not closely related independently evolve similar traits as a result of being adapted to similar environments or ecological niches

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102
Q

coronary arteries

A

arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle

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103
Q

correlation coefficent

A

a measure of how closely two sets of data are correlated. A value of 1 means a perfect correlation.

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104
Q

cotransport

A

transport across a cell membrane, using a carrier or channel protein, of two substances, both moving in the same direction - for example, both moving into the cell.

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105
Q

countercurrent flow

A

where two fluids flow in opposite directions

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106
Q

Countryside Stewardship Scheme

A

a scheme to encourage farmers and other land owners to manage parts of their land in a way that promotes conservation

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107
Q

covalent bonds

A

formed when electrons are shared between atoms. These bonds are very strong

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108
Q

crenated

A

a shriveled animal cell that has lost water by osmosis

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109
Q

cytochrome c

A

a type of cytochrome, an iron-containing protein found within the inner mitochondrial membranes and that forms a part of the electron transport chain

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110
Q

cytokines

A

hormone-like molecules used in cell signalling to stimulate the immune response

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111
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasmic division following nuclear division, resulting in two new daughter cells

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112
Q

cytolysis

A

the process in animal cells where, if a lot of water molecules enter, the cell will swell and burst as the plasma membrane breaks

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113
Q

cytology

A

the study of cell structures and function

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114
Q

cytoskeletal motor proteins

A

molecular motors such as myosins, kinesins and dyneins

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115
Q

datalogger

A

an electronic device that records data over time or in relation to location either with a built-in instrument or sensor or via external instruments and sensors

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116
Q

denaturation

A

a process in which proteins lose their tertiary structure of proteins; caused by high temperatures or extremes of pH

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117
Q

denatured

A

the irreversible change of shape/loss of tertiary structure of proteins; caused by high temperatures or extremes of pH

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118
Q

deoxyribose

A

a five-carbon sugar derived from the five-carbon sugar ribose by replacement of a hydroxyl group by hydrogen, at carbon 2 atom.

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119
Q

diaphragm

A

a layer of muscle beneath the lungs

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120
Q

dicotyledonous plants

A

plants with two seed leaves and a branching pattern of veins in the leaf

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121
Q

diastole

A

the relaxing phase of the cardiac (heartbeat) cycle

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122
Q

differential staining

A

stains that bind to specific cell structures, staining each structure differently so the structures can be easily identified within a single preparation

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123
Q

differentiation

A

process by which stem cells become specialised into different types of cells

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124
Q

diffusion

A

movement of molecules from an area of high concentration of that molecule to an area of low concentration, it may or not be across a membrane; it does not involve metabolic energy (ATP)

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125
Q

digestive system

A

the organs and glands in the body that are responsible for digestion beginning at the mouth and extending through the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine, ending with the rectum and anus

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126
Q

dilate

A

to make or become wider, larger, or more open

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127
Q

diploid

A

cell in which the nucleus has two complete sets of chromosomes

128
Q

direct transmission

A

passing a pathogen from host to new host, with no intermediary

129
Q

disaccharides

A

any of a class of sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccharide residues joined by a condensation reaction

130
Q

discontinuous variation

A

where there are distinct categories and nothing in between

131
Q

dissection

A

to cut apart tissues, organs or organisms for visual or microscopic study of their structure

132
Q

dissociation

A

releasing the oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin

133
Q

disulfide links

A

also called disulfide bridges or disulfide bonds, strong covalent bonds (where electrons are shared) between two sulfur atoms, within a (protein) molecule. These bonds are not broken by heat but can be broken by reducing agents

134
Q

DNA polymerase

A

enzyme that catalyzes formation of DNA from activated deoxyribose nucleotides, using single-stranded DNA as a template

135
Q

domain

A

the highest taxonomic rank. There are three domains: Archaea, Eubacteria and Eukaryotae

136
Q

double helix

A

shape of DNA molecule, due to coiling of the two sugar-phosphate backbone strands into a right-handed spiral configuration

137
Q

ecosystem

A

a community of interacting organisms and their physical environment

138
Q

ectopic heartbeat

A

an extra or early beat of the ventricles

139
Q

elastic fibres

A

protein fibres that can deform and then recoil to their original size

140
Q

elastin

A

a type of protein made by cross-linking a polypeptide called tropoelastin. Tropoelastin has a coiled structure. The cross-linking and coiling make elastin a strong and extensible protein. It is found in structures in living organisms, such as elastic cartilage and ligaments , where they need to stretch or adapt their shape as part of life processes.

141
Q

electrocardiogram

A

a trace that records the electrical activity of the heart

142
Q

electron micrograph

A

a trace that records the electrical activity of the heart

143
Q

elliptocytosis

A

cells being more elliptical in shape than they usually are

144
Q

electrophoresis

A

the movement of charged particles/molecules in a fluid or gel under the influence of an elastic field

145
Q

embryo-transfer

A

a step in the process of assisted reproduction in which embryos are placed into the uterus of a female with the intent to establish a pregnancy

146
Q

endemicity

A

refers to the degree of a condition being endemic- always present in an area/community

147
Q

endocytosis

A

bulk transport of molecules, too large to pass through a cell membrane even via channel or carrier proteins, into the cell

148
Q

endothelium

A

the inner layer or lining of blood vessels, made of a single layer of cells

149
Q

environmental variation

A

variation caused by a response to environmental factors such as light intensity

150
Q

endodermis

A

a layer of cells surrounding the vascular tissue in the root of a plant

151
Q

enzyme cascade

A

a sequence of successive activation reactions involving enzymes, which is characterized by a series of amplifications stemming from an initial stimulus. The product of each preceding reaction cataylses the next reaction

152
Q

enzyme-product complex

A

enzyme molecule with product molecules in its active site. The two are joined temporarily by non-covalent forces

153
Q

enzyme-substrate complex

A

enzyme molecule with substrate molecules in its active site. The two are joined temporarily by non-covalent forces

154
Q

epidemic

A

a rapid spread of disease through a high proportion of the population

155
Q

epidermal tissue

A

tissue consisting of epidermal cells- cells that form the outer layer of cells of a multicellular organism. Usually has a protective function

156
Q

epithelial cells

A

cells that constitute lining tissue in animals

157
Q

epithelial tissue

A

lining or covering tissue, consisting of epithelial cells

158
Q

erythrocyte

A

a red blood cell

159
Q

ester bond

A

a bond formed by a condensation reaction between the -OH group of a carboxylic acid and the -OH group of an alcohol, to produce an ester

160
Q

eubacteria

A

taxonomic domain consisting of organisms that have eukaryotic cells

161
Q

eukaryotae

A

taxonomic domain consisting of organisms that have eukaryotic cells

162
Q

eukaryotic

A

cells having a true nucleus/organism with eukaryotic cells

163
Q

eukaryotic cell cycle

A

series of events in a eukaryotic cell leading to its replication to produce two daughter cells; consists of interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis

164
Q

evaporation

A

the change of state of a liquid into a vapour at a temperature below the liquids boiling point. Evaporation occurs at the surface of a liquid where some molecules of liquid with high kinetic energy escape

165
Q

evolution

A

the gradual process by which the present diversity of living organisms has developed from earlier forms during the last 3000 million years of the history of the earth

166
Q

exocytosis

A

the bulk transport of molecules, too large to pass through a cell membrane even via channel or carrier proteins, out of a cell

167
Q

extant

A

still in existence; surviving

168
Q

extinction

A

when the last living member of a species dies and the species ceases to exist

169
Q

extracellular

A

outside the cell

170
Q

eyepiece graticule

A

a measuring device. It is placed in the eyepiece of a microscope and acts as a ruler when you view an object under the microscope

171
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

movement of molecules from an area of high concentration of that molecule to an area of low concentration, across a partially permeable membrane via protein channels or carriers; it does not involve metabolic energy (ATP)

172
Q

family

A

a group of closely related genera e.g. within the order Carnivora we might recognise the ‘dog’ family and the ‘cat’ family

173
Q

fatty acids

A

have a carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end, attached to a hydrocarbon tail, made of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. This may be anything from 2 to 20 carbons long

174
Q

fertilisation

A

the fusion of male and female gamete nuclei

175
Q

fetal haemoglobin

A

the type of haemoglobin usually found only in the fetus

176
Q

fibrillation

A

uncoordinated contraction of the atria and ventricles

177
Q

fibrous proteins

A

has a relatively long, thin structure, is insoluble in water and metabolically inactive, often having a structural role within an organism

178
Q

filaments

A

slender branches of tissue that make up the gill. They are often called the primary lamellae

179
Q

flaccid

A

plant tissue where there is no turgor- the tissue is soft

180
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

theory of cell membrane structure with proteins embedded in a sea of phospholipids

181
Q

gamete

A

sex cell e.g. ovum/ spermatozoon

182
Q

gene

A

a length of DNA, that codes for a polypeptide or for a length of RNA that is involved in regulating gene expression

183
Q

genetic erosion

A

a process whereby an already limited gene pool of an endangered species of plant or animal diminishes even more when individuals from the surviving population die off without getting a chance to meet and breed with others in their endangered low population

184
Q

genetic variation

A

variation caused by possessing a different combination of alleles

185
Q

genome

A

the total DNA content of a cell or an individual

186
Q

genus

A

a group of closely related species

187
Q

gill filaments

A

slender branches of tissue that make up the gill of a fish. They are often called the primary lamellae

188
Q

glucose

A

a 6-carbon monosaccharide sugar

189
Q

glycerol

A

has three carbon atoms. It is an alcohol, which means it has free -OH groups

190
Q

globular proteins

A

has molecules of a relatively spherical shape, which are soluble in water, and often have metabolic roles within the organism

191
Q

glycocalyx

A

all the carbohydrates molecules on the exterior of a cell surface membrane

192
Q

glycogen molecule

A

the energy store in humans; large polysaccharide molecule made of many glucose residues joined by condensation reactions and like amylopectin, has glycosidic bonds between carbons 1 and 4, and branches formed by glycosidic bonds between carbon atoms 1 and 6.

193
Q

glycolipid

A

lipid/phospholipid with a chain of carbohydrate molecule attached

194
Q

glycoprotein

A

protein with a chain of carbohydrate molecules attached

195
Q

glycosidic bonds

A

a bond formed between two monosaccharides by a hydrolysis reaction

196
Q

growth factors

A

a substance, such as a vitamin, hormone or cytokinin, which is required for the stimulation of growth in living cells

197
Q

goblet cells

A

cells that secrete mucus

198
Q

guard cell

A

in leaf epidermis, two of these cells surround stomata

199
Q

habitat

A

where an organism lives

200
Q

haemoglobin

A

the red pigment used to transport oxygen in the blood

201
Q

haemoglobinic acid

A

the compound formed by the buffering action of haemoglobin as it combines with excess hydrogen ions

202
Q

haemolysis

A

lysis of animal cells, in this case it is referring to lysis of red blood cells

203
Q

haemolytic anemia

A

anemia with chronic premature destruction of red blood cells

204
Q

haploid

A

having only one set of chromosomes; represented by the symbol ‘n’

205
Q

helicase

A

enzyme that cataylses the breaking of hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs of bases in a DNA molecule

206
Q

hazard

A

a factor that has the potential to cause harm

207
Q

herd vaccination

A

using a vaccine to provide immunity to all or almost all of the population at risk

208
Q

heterotopic ossification

A

overgrowth of bone, often in the wrong place e.g. muscle tissue

209
Q

high-power drawing

A

a drawing showing detail of some individual cells

210
Q

histamine

A

a compound which is released by mast cells in response to injury and in allergic and inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries

211
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

matching chromosomes, containing the same genes at the same place (loci). They may contain different alleles for some or all of the genes

212
Q

homozygosity

A

in a diploid cells or organism the state where both copies of a given gene are the same allele

213
Q

hormone

A

a chemical produced in glands and that travels to its target cells via the blood. Later broken down in the liver. Involved with communication and control

214
Q

hydathodes

A

structures in plants that can release water droplets which may then evaporate from the leaf surface

215
Q

hydrocarbon

A

a compound consisting of only hydrogen and carbon

216
Q

hydrogen bond

A

a weak interaction that can occur wherever molecules contain a slightly negatively charged atom bonded to a slightly positively charged hydrogen

217
Q

Hydrogencarbonate ion

A

HCO3-

218
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

reaction that occurs when a molecule is split into two smaller molecules with the addition of water

219
Q

hydrophilic

A

attracted to water

220
Q

hydrophobic

A

repelled by water

221
Q

hydrophyte

A

a plant adapted to living in water or where the ground is very wet

222
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

the pressure that a fluid exerts when pushing against the side of the vessel or the container

223
Q

hypertension

A

long term high blood pressure

224
Q

hyphae

A

each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus

225
Q

immune response

A

the reaction of the cells and fluids of the body to the presence of a substance which is not recognised as a constituent of the body itself

226
Q

immune system

A

the organs and processes of the body that provide resistance to infection and toxins. Organs include the thymus, bone marrow and lymph nodes

227
Q

in vitro fertilisation

A

a process where an egg is surgically removed from the ovaries and fertilised with sperm in a laboratory

228
Q

indirect transmission

A

passing a pathogen from host to new host, via a vector

229
Q

inflammation

A

swelling and redness of tissue caused by infection

230
Q

inhibitor

A

a substance that reduces or stops a reaction

231
Q

inorganic ions

A

charged particles of inorganic (not carbon-based) substances e.g. Mg2+ and Ca2+

232
Q

integumentary system

A

the organ system that protects the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside. The system comprises the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, feathers, hooves and nails)

233
Q

intercalated discs

A

gap junctions between muscle cells in the heart muscle. They enable the heart muscle cells to fit tightly together and help to facilitate synchronized contraction of the heart muscle

234
Q

intercostal muscles

A

muscles between the ribs. Contraction of the external intercostal muscles raises the rib cage

235
Q

interleukins

A

signalling molecules that are used to communicate between different white blood cells

236
Q

interphase

A

phase of cell cycle where the cell is not dividing, it is subdivided into growth and synthesis phases

237
Q

interspecific variation

A

the differences between species

238
Q

intracellular

A

inside the cell

239
Q

intraspecific variation

A

the variation between members of the same species

240
Q

ionic bond

A

a type of chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

241
Q

karyotype

A

a photomicrograph of chromosomes in a cell

242
Q

keratin

A

a fibrous protein forming the main structural constituent of hair, feathers, hooves, nails, claws and horns

243
Q

keratinocytes

A

an epidermal cell that produces keratin

244
Q

keystone species

A

one that has a disproportionate effect upon its environment relative to its abundance

245
Q

kinetic energy

A

the energy of motion

246
Q

kingdom

A

taxonomic group; traditionally there are five main kingdoms: Plantae, Animalia, Fungi and Protoctista are all Eukarya whose cells posses a nucleus. All those single celled organisms that do not posses a nucleus are grouped into the kingdom Prokaryota.

247
Q

lamellae

A

folds of the filament to increase the surface area. They are also called secondary lamellae or gill plates

248
Q

leucocyte

A

a white blood cell

249
Q

lignification

A

the deposition of lignin in the walls of xylem vessels

250
Q

lignin

A

the waterproof substance that impregnates the walls of xylem vessels. When plant xylem vessels are lignified they are woody

251
Q

limiting factor

A

an environmental factor that limits the rate of a biological process. When a process is controlled by a number of factors, the factor that is in least supply will limit the process. If this factor is increased then the process with proceed at a faster rate. If it is decreased the process will proceed at a slower rate.

252
Q

lipids

A

a group of substances that are soluble in alcohol rather than water. They include triglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids and cholesterol

253
Q

lipophilic

A

attracted to fat

254
Q

lipophobic

A

repelled by fat

255
Q

locus

A

the position of a gene on a chromosome

256
Q

longitudinal section

A

a section cut lengthways

257
Q

low-power plan

A

a drawing showing distribution of cells but no individual cells shown

258
Q

lymph

A

the fluid held in the lymphatic system, which is a system of tubes that return excess tissue fluid to the blood system

259
Q

lymphatic system

A

a network of vessels and organs that help maintain the internal fluid environment of the body; also transports fat and proteins and makes some blood cells. Receives tissue fluid that has passed out of blood capillaries and bathed cells. Lymph drains into blood vessels in the neck region. Lymph organs include the tonsils, thymus, spleen and lymph nodes.

260
Q

macromolecule

A

a very large, organic molecule

261
Q

macrophages

A

large phagocytic cells that ingest and digest pathogens and present the pathogens antigens to other ells of the immune system

262
Q

magnification

A

the number of times larger an image appears, compared to the size of the object

263
Q

marine conservation zones

A

areas of the sea set aside to conserve the diversity of species and habitats

264
Q

median

A

the number that separates a data set into two halves; half the set is above the median value and the other half is blow the median value. In a sample there may be no specimen that actually has the median value

265
Q

meiosis

A

type of nuclear division that results in the formation of cells containing half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

266
Q

meristem

A

an area of unspecialised cells, in plants, that can divide and differentiate into other cell types

267
Q

mesenchyme

A

connective tissue

268
Q

mesoderm

A

the middle of the three layers in the early embryo; gives rises to connective tissue, muscles and part of the gonads (ovaries and testes)

269
Q

mesophyll

A

a type of cell found in plant leaves

270
Q

metabolic/metabolism

A

the chemical reactions that take place inside living cells or organisms

271
Q

micrometer

A

a precise measuring device and not a unit of measurement. It is a small scale on a microscope slide that can be viewed under a microscope and used to calibrate the value of eyepiece divisions at different magnifications

272
Q

micrometre

A

equal to one millionth (10-6) of a metre. It is the standard unit for measuring cell dimensions.

273
Q

microscopy

A

the use of the microscope to study small objects or organisms

274
Q

mitosis

A

a type of nuclear division that produces daughter cells genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell

275
Q

mode

A

the most common value amongst a group or data set

276
Q

monoculture

A

a crop consisting of one strain of one species

277
Q

monocytes

A

the largest white blood cells, usually have a large kidney-shaped nucleus

278
Q

monomer

A

a small molecule which binds to many other identical molecules to form a polymer

279
Q

monosaccharide

A

any of the class of sugars (e.g. glucose) that cannot be hydrolysed to give a simpler sugar

280
Q

mucous membrane

A

specialised epithelial tissue that is covered by mucus

281
Q

muscle tissue

A

highly cellular, well vasculised (has many blood vessels) tissue responsible for most types of body movement. Muscle cells are called fibres, contain the proteins actin and myosin, and can contract. Three types of muscle tissue: smooth, skeletal and cardiac

282
Q

musculo-skeletal system

A

the combination of the skeletal muscles and skeleton working together; includes the bones, muscles, tendons and ligaments of the body

283
Q

mutation

A

a change to the genetic material of an organism, either to a gene or to a chromosome. The changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant allele that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alterations of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes. May involves loss of a portion of a chromosomes, or an abnormal chromosome number.

284
Q

mycelium

A

the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a network of fine white filaments called hyphae

285
Q

myocardial infarction

A

a heart attack

286
Q

myofibrils

A

microscopic fibres that make up the larger fibres of skeletal (striated) muscle

287
Q

myogenic muscle

A

muscle that can initiate its own contraction

288
Q

nanometre

A

one thousandth (10-3) of a micrometre. It is therefore one thousand millionth (10-9) of a metre. It is a useful unit for measuring the sizes of small organelles within cells and for measuring the size of large molecules

289
Q

natural classification

A

the term used to explain how features of the environment apply a selective force on the reproduction of individuals in a population

290
Q

natural immunity

A

immunity achieved through normal life processes

291
Q

natural selection

A

the term used to explain how features of the environment apply a selective force on the reproduction of individuals of a population

292
Q

necrosis

A

cell death caused by disease or injury; it may subsequently limit the spread of a pathogen

293
Q

nervous system

A

the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system- the network of nerve cells (neurons) that transmit nerve impulses between parts of the body and the central nervous system. Fast acting control system to detect stimuli and to bring about responses in muscles and glands

294
Q

nervous tissue

A

the main component of the nervous system. Consists of neurones and supporting cells

295
Q

neutrophil

A

a type of white blood cell that engulfs foreign matter and traps it in a larger vacuole (phagosome), which fuses with lysosomes to digest the foreign matter

296
Q

non-competitive inhibition

A

the inhibition of an enzyme where the competitor molecule attaches to a part of the enzyme molecule but not to the active site. It changes the shape of the active site and prevents ES complexes forming as the enzyme active site is no longer complementary in shape to the substrate molecule

297
Q

nucleotide

A

molecule consisting of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

298
Q

oncotic pressure

A

the pressure created by the osmotic effects of the solutes in a solution

299
Q

open circulatory system

A

one in which the blood is not held in the vessels

300
Q

operculum

A

a bony flap that covers and protects the gills

301
Q

opsonins

A

proteins that bind to the antigen on a pathogen and then allow the phagocytes to bind

302
Q

optimum pH

A

the pH at which an enzyme works best, as its fastest rate

303
Q

order

A

taxonomic group; a subdivision of the class using additional information about the organisms e.g. the class Mammalia is divided into meat-eating animals (order Carnivora) and vegetation-eating mammals ( order Herbivora)

304
Q

organ

A

collection of tissues working together to perform a function or related functions

305
Q

organ system

A

a number of organs working together to carry out an overall life function

306
Q

organelles

A

small structures within cells, each of which carries out a specific function

307
Q

osmosis

A

passage of water molecules down their water potential gradient, across a partially permeable membrane

308
Q

ossification

A

process of changing cartilage to bone by depositing calcium phosphate

309
Q

ostia

A

pores in the heart of an insect that allow blood from the body to enter the heart

310
Q

ovalocytosis

A

cells being more oval in shape than they usually are

311
Q

oxygen tension

A

measured in units of pressure (kPa)

312
Q

oxygen uptake

A

the volume of oxygen absorbed by the lungs in one minute

313
Q

oxyhaemoglobin

A

a molecule of haemoglobin with oxygen molecules loosely bound to it. When haemoglobin takes up oxygen, it becomes oxyhaemoglobin

314
Q

palisade cells

A

closely-packed photosynthetic cells within leaves

315
Q

pandemic

A

an infectious disease which spreads rapidly across continents

Biology Year 12 (21 decks)

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