Key Concepts 18 Flashcards
state and describe four stages of glycolysis
phosphorylation. using making hexose bisphosphate
lysis making triose phosphate
phosphorylation making triose bisphosphate
dehydrogenation and formation of 4 ATP, 2NADH and two pyruvate
state and describe four stages of respiration and where they occur
Glycolysis cytoplasm
Oxidative decarboxylation matrix
Krebs matrix
Oxidative phosphorylation cristae
how does pyruvate enter the mitochondrial matrix
by active transport via specific carrier proteins
describe the steps of oxidative decarboxylation
pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation. so H is removed and CO2 is removed
removed hydrogens are donated to NAD to make one NADH per pyruvate molecule (the used in OP)
acetyl group made binds to CoA to make 2C acetyl CoA
what happens to the CO2 removed from oxidative phosphorylation?
either diffuse away and be removed from the organism as metabolic waste, or in autotrophs it could be used as a raw material in photosynthesis
the steps of the Krebs cycle
CoA is removed. then the 2C acetyl group reacts with 4Coxaloacetate to make 6C citrate
citrate undergoes decarboxylation and dehydrogenation to make 1 red NAD and CO2. making 5C compound
5C compound undergoes further decarboxylation and dehydration reactions. after 2 rounds and CO2& NADH ATP FADH then NADH, oxaloacetate is regenerated
two parts of respiration that include substrate level phosphorylation
Krebs
Glycolysis
importance of Coenzymes in respiration
transfer protons
electrons
and functional groups between many of the enzyme catalysed reactions
what are coenzymes derived from?
vitamins. Coenzymes are mostly recycled and vitamins are an essential micronutrients
describe the role of NAD
- takes part in all stages of cellular respiration
- accepts one hydrogen
- oxidised at the start of the ETC releasing protons an electrons
- make 3ATP
describe the role of FAD
- only accepts hydrogen in the krebs cycle
- accepts two hydrogens
- oxidised further along the ETC releasing protons an electrons
- makes 2 ATP
describe the process of OP
H atoms that have been collected by FADH and NADH are delivered to ETC present in the membranes of the cristae of the mito
h atoms dissociate into hydrogen ions and electrons. those electrons used to make ATP by chemiosmosis and energy released during redo reactions as the electrons reduce and oxidise the electron carriers ass they flow along the ETC .
energy used to make a proton gradient therefore there’s a diffusion of protons through atp synthase so makes ATP
at the end of the etc, electrons combine with h+ and oxygen to make water. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor and the ETC cant operative without oxygen present.
why respiration is described as aerobic
requires the full breakdown of glucose and therefore aerobic
why doesn’t the hydrogen released from NAD and FAD combine directly with 02 to released energy as the bonds that make up H20 are formed?
the energy wouldn’t be used to make ATP
Heat released in the exothermic reaction would just raise the temperature of the cell
how is substrate level phosphorylation different to oxidative phosphorylation
couples the flow of protons own the electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase to the phosphylation of ADP to make ATP
ATP production of anaerobic vs aerobic respiration
2 vs 38
When does anaerobic respiration occur
Oxygen can’t be supplied fast enough to the cells or
When theres no oxygen
To keep vital processes functioning
Why does anaerobic produce less atp that aerobic
The organic compound, eg glucose, aren’t fully broken down
Where does alcoholic fermentation occur
Yeast and some plant root cells
Where does fermentation occur
Animal cells
What happens when theres no oxygen to act as the final electron acceptors at the end of the etc
Flow ofnelectrons stop and making atp by chemosmosis stops too
Red NAd and fad aren’t able to be oxidised as theres nowhere for their electrons to go so the nada and fad cant be regen. Link and Krebs stop because no coenzyme to accept the H being removed
Describe the process of lactate fermentation in mammals
Pyruvate can act as a hydrogen acceptor from the nad
Catalysed by lactate dehydrogenase
Pyruvate to lactate and NAD regent to keep glycolysis going
Aerobic is still happening
What happens to the lactic acid that made in fermentation
Converted back to glucose in the liver but oxygen needed for this process, jence the oxygen debt and need to breath heavy after exercise
Why lactate fermentation can occur forecer
Reduced quantity of ATP made not nuff to maintain vital process for a long time
Accumulation of lactic acid causes decrease pH leading to dentures enzymes . Respiratory enzymes and muscles filaments are made from proteindnand will not fiction at low ph
How does increasing fitness affect lactate fermentation
Increases blood supply and flow through muscles
Increases rate of lactic acid removal and intensity and duration of exercise can increase
Alcohol fermentation
Irreversible
Can happen forever
Ethanol is a toxic waste product to yeast
Can’t survive in over 15 percent ethanol which is allowed to happen in wine makeonh
Why do lipids release more ATP in respiration than carbs
They have a greater proportion of CH bonds
Why lipids have a lower rq than carbs
They hive more CH bonds that require more O to break them down, lipids releases relatively less CO2
How to determine the substrate being used
Measure the vol of o2 in and CO2 out suring resp of a particular substrate. Measure rq and you can roughly determine
Whats the value of rq during anaerobic and why
Over one. But not easy to measure as the point anaerobic starts isn’t easy to pinpoint
