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biology > key concepts > Flashcards

key concepts Flashcards

1
Q

what are eukaryotic cells

A

complex cells which include all animal and plant cells

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2
Q

what are prokaryotic cells

A

smaller and simpler cells
bacteria cells

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3
Q

what are eukaryotes

A

organisms made up of eukaryotic cells

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4
Q

what is a prokaryote

A

a prokaryotic cells (single celled organism)

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5
Q

sub cellular structures of an animal cell

A
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • cell membrane
  • mitochondria
  • ribosomes
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6
Q

sub cellular structures of plant cells

A
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • cell membrane
  • mitochondria
  • ribosomes
  • cell walls
  • large vacuole
  • chloroplasts
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7
Q

what is a nucleus

A

contains genetic material + controls the activities of the cell

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8
Q

what is a cytoplasm

A

gel like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen

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9
Q

what is a cell membrane

A

holds cell together and controls what goes in and out

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10
Q

what is mitochondria

A

where most of the reactions for respiration take place

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11
Q

what are ribosomes

A

these are involved in translations of genetic material in the synthesis of proteins

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12
Q

what is a cell wall

A

supports cell and strengthens it

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13
Q

what is a large vacuole

A

contains cell sap - solution of sugar and salts maintains the internal pressure to support cell

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14
Q

when are chloroplasts

A

these are where photosynthesis occurs which makes food for the plant. they contain and green substance called chlorophyll.

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15
Q

factors contained in bacterial cells

A
  • chromosomal DNA
  • ribosomes
  • cell membrane
  • plasmid DNA
  • flagellum
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16
Q

what is flagellum

A

long hair-like structure that rotates to make the bacterium move. it can be used to move the bacteria away from harmful substances like toxins and towards things like oxygen

17
Q

attributes of a egg cell

A
  1. contains nutrients in the cytoplasm to feed the embryo
  2. haploid nucleus
  3. after fertilisation it’s membrane changes to stop more sperm getting in
18
Q

attributed of the sperm cell

A
  1. long tail to swim
  2. lots of mitochondria in the middle section
  3. has a acrosome at the front of the head where it stores enzymes to digest it’s way through the membrane of the egg cell
  4. haploid nucleus
19
Q

what is a ciliated epithelial cells

A

lines the surface of organs to move substances in one direction along the surface of the tissue
e.g. move mucus through airways

20
Q

total magnification equ

A

total magnification =
eye piece lens magnification x objective lens magnification

21
Q

magnification equ

A

image size / real size

22
Q

how to work with a microscope

A
  1. take a thin slice of your specimen, to let light through
  2. next take a clean slide and you are prepared to put one drop of water in the middle of it. This will secure the specimen in place.
  3. Add a drop of stain if your specimen is completely transparent or colourless this makes it easier to see
  4. Place a cover slip at one end of the specimen and carefully lower onto the slide, removing any air bubbles.
  5. Select the lowest powered objective lens.
  6. Use the adjustment knob to move the stage up set aside is just underneath the objective lens.
  7. Adjust the focus until you get a clear image.
23
Q

how is a enzymes shape important

A

enzyme has an active site which only work with one substance, if it does not fit it won’t be catalysed.
this is called ‘lock & key’ mechanism fits together

24
Q

what affects the rate of reaction and how

A

temperature - too high and it denatures
ph - to high or low interferes with the bonds holding the enzyme together
concentration - higher the concentration, faster the reaction.

25
Q

how to calculate rate of reactions

A

1000/time

26
Q

how to investigate ph effect on enzyme activity

A
  1. put a drop of iodine solution into every well of a spotting tile.
  2. Place a Bunsen burner on heatproof mat and a tripod and goes over the Bunsen burner put a beaker of water on top of the tripod and heat the water until 35°.
  3. Using a syringe at 3 cm³ of amylase solution into 1 cm³ of a buffer solution, with a pH of 5 to boiling tube. using test tube holders, put the boiling tube into a beaker of water and wait five minutes.
  4. Next use a different syringe to add 3 cm³ of starch solution to the boiling tube.
  5. Immediately mix the content of the boiling tube and start the stopwatch.
  6. Use continue sampling to record how long it takes for families to break down all of the starch.
  7. Repeat the whole experiment with a buffer solution of different pH values to see how pH affects the time.

biology (9 decks)

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