exchange and transport in animals Flashcards
aerobic respiration equ
oxygen + glucose -> water + carbon dioxide
O2 + C6H12O6 -> H2O + CO2
surface area equ
(height x width)2 x number of sides
volume equ
height3
ratio of surface area and volume
sa: v
diffusion
a passive movement of gases or particles dissolved in a solution which move down a concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to low concentration
osmosis
a passive net movement of water particles across a semi permeable membrane from a high to low concentration
active transport
movement of anything other than water through a membrane against the gradient -> requiring energy
3 things which speed up diffusion
bigger concentration difference
decreases distance
larger surface area
small intestine - exchange surface summary
- exchanges nutrients
- large surface area achieved by vilia and micro vilia
- diffusion distance is kept short by being only one cell thick
- concentration gradient is maintained by good blood supply and transports nutrients away from a small intestine
lungs - exchange surface summary
- exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
- large surface is achieved by large surface area and small internal volume
- diffusion distance is kept short by capillary wall being one cell thick
- concentration gradient is maintained by alveolus is consistently replaced with fresh air, less CO2 than O
leaves - exchange surface summary
- exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
- large surface area = wide and large
- diffusion distance is kept short by stomata, diffusion is quick.
- concentration gradient is maintained by stomata open and closing
roots - exchange surface summary
- exchanges water and minerals
- large surface area achieved by increasing surfaces by root hair
- diffusion is kept short by being a single cell
- concentration gradient maintained by water transported in the rest of the plant (xylem)
2 types of cells found in blood
red
white - lymphocytes
what blood cell is part of your immune system
white blood cell (lymphocyte / phagocyte)
what do red blood cells carry round the body
oxygen (haemoglobin)
plasma function
carries dissolved carbon dioxide, hormones, glucose and urea
suspends all blood cells so they can flow round the body
plasma adaptions
mainly water so can easily dissolve substances
platelets function
forms scabs when the skin breaks to block entry of pathogens into the body (important for clotting)
platelets adaptions
fragments
no nucleus
phagocytes and lymphocytes function
cell is part of our immune system and defends against pathogens
phagocytes and lymphocytes adaptions
phagocytes can engulf pathogens
lymphocytes shoot pathogens and release antitoxins against them
erythrocytes (red) functions
contains a substance called haemoglobin. binds with oxygen near lungs and carries oxygen round the rest of the body
erythrocytes (red) adaptions
bi - con cave shape which increases surface area
no nucleus to maximise space
oxygen facts
from lungs
to muscle / cells
transported by red blood cells
soluble nutrients facts
from small intestine
to muscle / cells
transported by plasma
carbon dioxide facts
from muscle / cells
to lungs
transported by plasma
urea facts
from cells in blood
to kidney
transported by plasma
artery facts
- thick walls
- thin lumen
- goes away from heart
- carries deoxygenated blood
- muscular tissue walls
- no valves
- high blood pressure
vein facts
- thin walls
- thick lumen
- carries deoxygenated blood
- carries blood towards the heart
- blood pressure is kinda high
- muscular walls tissue
- valves are present
capillaries facts
- carries oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
- between vein and artery
- one cell thick wall
- low blood pressure
- small lumen
- no muscular walls
- no valves present
- no connective tissues in walls
what percentage of blood is plasmid
55%
what percentage of blood is red blood cells
45%
what percentage of blood is platelets
0.5%
what percentage of blood is white blood cells
0.5%
what makes up the circulatory system
heart
blood vessels
how many chambers are there in the heart
4
name the 4 chambers of the heart
atrium x2
right ventricle
left ventricle
which way round is the heart
R -> L when looking down on it
explain the direction of the blood in the heart
V - vena clava
A - right atrium
V - right ventricle
A - pulmonary artery
V - pulmonary vein
A - left atrium
V - left ventricle
A - aorta
what does a valve do
stops back flow and only allows blood to flow one way
where does the right side of the heart pump too
lungs
where does the left side of the heart pump too
rest of the body
why is left side of the heart thicker
pumps further round the body
vessel which pumps to lungs
artery
vessel which pumps to rest of the body
vein
vessel which receives blood from the body
pulmonary artery
vessel which received blood from pulmonary vein
pulmonary vein
which side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood
left
cardiac output equ
stroke volume x heart rate
litres/beat x bpm
cardiac output
the volume of blood pumped out of the heart, measured in l/minute
stroke volume
volume of blood pumped out the heart in one pump
litres/beat
heart rate
beats per minute from your heart
bpm
stroke volume equ
cardiac output / bpm
respiration (NOT BREATHING)
a chemical reaction that releases energy
happens in mitochondria (aerobic) and cytoplasm (anaerobic)
respiration equ
glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide and water
is respiration endo or exo thermic
exo (releases heat)
aerobic respiration
releasing energy into surroundings
where does aerobic respiration take place
mitochondria
2 uses of energy in aerobic respiration
movement and warmth
anaerobic respiration equ
glucose -> lactic acid + some energy
when oxygen is back
lactic acid -> carbon dioxide and water
anaerobic in plants equ
glucose + ethanol -> carbon dioxide
when does anaerobic respiration take place
beginning of exercise
what is oxygen debt
amount of oxygen needed to break down lactic acid that built up
what causes muscle fatigue
using anaerobic respiration
what is lactic acid broken up into
carbon dioxide and water
why do you not use anaerobic respiration all the time
as it’s without oxygen (die)
what is cardio vascular disease
disease of blood vessels and heart.
how is cardio vascular disease triggered
A high level of chlorolestrol in the blood and high level of blood pressure
how is cardio vascular disease caused
by fatty deposits to build up in the arteries, restricts blood flow can lead to strokes and heart attack
2 lifestyle advice for cardiovascular disease
- diet watch
- exercise
surgical way to combat cardiovascular disease
going into the heart and arteries and placing stent to hold them open
can be risky - heart stop or not working properly
explain of a med to combat cardiovascular dsease
stains - lowest chlorolestorol
where does anaerobic respiration take place
cytoplasm in muscle cells
why is lactic acid bad
toxic - can cause cramps
how does the liver combat lactic acid
turns lactic acid + lactic acid (has to be put together) into glycogen and stores it there to remove lactic acid
respiration practical
This experiment investigates respiration rates using maggots.
As the maggots respire, they use oxygen and produce carbon dioxide.
The capillary tube is “sealed” with a drop of water or ink.
The carbon dioxide produced is absorbed by the soda lime, so there is a reduction in volume in
the closed system and the liquid drop moves along the capillary tube.
independent variable
variable you change
dependent variable
variable you measure
control variable
variable which stays the same
bronchus
branch of trachea
branchide
branch of bronchus
alveoli
where gas exchange happens
diaphragm
moves up and down to bring air in and ouy
oesophagus
digestive system
trachea
windpipe
ribs
protect lungs
intercostal muscle
allows ribs to expand
