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biology > exchange and transport in animals > Flashcards

exchange and transport in animals Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

aerobic respiration equ

A

oxygen + glucose -> water + carbon dioxide

O2 + C6H12O6 -> H2O + CO2

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2
Q

surface area equ

A

(height x width)2 x number of sides

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3
Q

volume equ

A

height3

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4
Q

ratio of surface area and volume

A

sa: v

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5
Q

diffusion

A

a passive movement of gases or particles dissolved in a solution which move down a concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to low concentration

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6
Q

osmosis

A

a passive net movement of water particles across a semi permeable membrane from a high to low concentration

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7
Q

active transport

A

movement of anything other than water through a membrane against the gradient -> requiring energy

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8
Q

3 things which speed up diffusion

A

bigger concentration difference
decreases distance
larger surface area

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9
Q

small intestine - exchange surface summary

A
  • exchanges nutrients
  • large surface area achieved by vilia and micro vilia
  • diffusion distance is kept short by being only one cell thick
  • concentration gradient is maintained by good blood supply and transports nutrients away from a small intestine
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10
Q

lungs - exchange surface summary

A
  • exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • large surface is achieved by large surface area and small internal volume
  • diffusion distance is kept short by capillary wall being one cell thick
  • concentration gradient is maintained by alveolus is consistently replaced with fresh air, less CO2 than O
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11
Q

leaves - exchange surface summary

A
  • exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • large surface area = wide and large
  • diffusion distance is kept short by stomata, diffusion is quick.
  • concentration gradient is maintained by stomata open and closing
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12
Q

roots - exchange surface summary

A
  • exchanges water and minerals
  • large surface area achieved by increasing surfaces by root hair
  • diffusion is kept short by being a single cell
  • concentration gradient maintained by water transported in the rest of the plant (xylem)
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13
Q

2 types of cells found in blood

A

red
white - lymphocytes

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14
Q

what blood cell is part of your immune system

A

white blood cell (lymphocyte / phagocyte)

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15
Q

what do red blood cells carry round the body

A

oxygen (haemoglobin)

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16
Q

plasma function

A

carries dissolved carbon dioxide, hormones, glucose and urea
suspends all blood cells so they can flow round the body

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17
Q

plasma adaptions

A

mainly water so can easily dissolve substances

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18
Q

platelets function

A

forms scabs when the skin breaks to block entry of pathogens into the body (important for clotting)

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19
Q

platelets adaptions

A

fragments
no nucleus

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20
Q

phagocytes and lymphocytes function

A

cell is part of our immune system and defends against pathogens

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21
Q

phagocytes and lymphocytes adaptions

A

phagocytes can engulf pathogens
lymphocytes shoot pathogens and release antitoxins against them

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22
Q

erythrocytes (red) functions

A

contains a substance called haemoglobin. binds with oxygen near lungs and carries oxygen round the rest of the body

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23
Q

erythrocytes (red) adaptions

A

bi - con cave shape which increases surface area
no nucleus to maximise space

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24
Q

oxygen facts

A

from lungs
to muscle / cells
transported by red blood cells

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25
Q

soluble nutrients facts

A

from small intestine
to muscle / cells
transported by plasma

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26
Q

carbon dioxide facts

A

from muscle / cells
to lungs
transported by plasma

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27
Q

urea facts

A

from cells in blood
to kidney
transported by plasma

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28
Q

artery facts

A
  • thick walls
  • thin lumen
  • goes away from heart
  • carries deoxygenated blood
  • muscular tissue walls
  • no valves
  • high blood pressure
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29
Q

vein facts

A
  • thin walls
  • thick lumen
  • carries deoxygenated blood
  • carries blood towards the heart
  • blood pressure is kinda high
  • muscular walls tissue
  • valves are present
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30
Q

capillaries facts

A
  • carries oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
  • between vein and artery
  • one cell thick wall
  • low blood pressure
  • small lumen
  • no muscular walls
  • no valves present
  • no connective tissues in walls
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31
Q

what percentage of blood is plasmid

A

55%

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32
Q

what percentage of blood is red blood cells

A

45%

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33
Q

what percentage of blood is platelets

A

0.5%

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34
Q

what percentage of blood is white blood cells

A

0.5%

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35
Q

what makes up the circulatory system

A

heart
blood vessels

36
Q

how many chambers are there in the heart

A

4

37
Q

name the 4 chambers of the heart

A

atrium x2
right ventricle
left ventricle

38
Q

which way round is the heart

A

R -> L when looking down on it

39
Q

explain the direction of the blood in the heart

A

V - vena clava
A - right atrium
V - right ventricle
A - pulmonary artery
V - pulmonary vein
A - left atrium
V - left ventricle
A - aorta

40
Q

what does a valve do

A

stops back flow and only allows blood to flow one way

41
Q

where does the right side of the heart pump too

A

lungs

42
Q

where does the left side of the heart pump too

A

rest of the body

43
Q

why is left side of the heart thicker

A

pumps further round the body

44
Q

vessel which pumps to lungs

A

artery

45
Q

vessel which pumps to rest of the body

A

vein

46
Q

vessel which receives blood from the body

A

pulmonary artery

47
Q

vessel which received blood from pulmonary vein

A

pulmonary vein

48
Q

which side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood

A

left

49
Q

cardiac output equ

A

stroke volume x heart rate

litres/beat x bpm

50
Q

cardiac output

A

the volume of blood pumped out of the heart, measured in l/minute

51
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped out the heart in one pump
litres/beat

52
Q

heart rate

A

beats per minute from your heart
bpm

53
Q

stroke volume equ

A

cardiac output / bpm

54
Q

respiration (NOT BREATHING)

A

a chemical reaction that releases energy
happens in mitochondria (aerobic) and cytoplasm (anaerobic)

55
Q

respiration equ

A

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide and water

56
Q

is respiration endo or exo thermic

A

exo (releases heat)

57
Q

aerobic respiration

A

releasing energy into surroundings

58
Q

where does aerobic respiration take place

A

mitochondria

59
Q

2 uses of energy in aerobic respiration

A

movement and warmth

60
Q

anaerobic respiration equ

A

glucose -> lactic acid + some energy

when oxygen is back
lactic acid -> carbon dioxide and water

61
Q

anaerobic in plants equ

A

glucose + ethanol -> carbon dioxide

62
Q

when does anaerobic respiration take place

A

beginning of exercise

63
Q

what is oxygen debt

A

amount of oxygen needed to break down lactic acid that built up

64
Q

what causes muscle fatigue

A

using anaerobic respiration

65
Q

what is lactic acid broken up into

A

carbon dioxide and water

66
Q

why do you not use anaerobic respiration all the time

A

as it’s without oxygen (die)

67
Q

what is cardio vascular disease

A

disease of blood vessels and heart.

68
Q

how is cardio vascular disease triggered

A

A high level of chlorolestrol in the blood and high level of blood pressure

69
Q

how is cardio vascular disease caused

A

by fatty deposits to build up in the arteries, restricts blood flow can lead to strokes and heart attack

70
Q

2 lifestyle advice for cardiovascular disease

A
  • diet watch
  • exercise
71
Q

surgical way to combat cardiovascular disease

A

going into the heart and arteries and placing stent to hold them open

can be risky - heart stop or not working properly

72
Q

explain of a med to combat cardiovascular dsease

A

stains - lowest chlorolestorol

73
Q

where does anaerobic respiration take place

A

cytoplasm in muscle cells

74
Q

why is lactic acid bad

A

toxic - can cause cramps

75
Q

how does the liver combat lactic acid

A

turns lactic acid + lactic acid (has to be put together) into glycogen and stores it there to remove lactic acid

76
Q

respiration practical

A

This experiment investigates respiration rates using maggots.

As the maggots respire, they use oxygen and produce carbon dioxide.

The capillary tube is “sealed” with a drop of water or ink.

The carbon dioxide produced is absorbed by the soda lime, so there is a reduction in volume in
the closed system and the liquid drop moves along the capillary tube.

77
Q

independent variable

A

variable you change

78
Q

dependent variable

A

variable you measure

79
Q

control variable

A

variable which stays the same

80
Q

bronchus

A

branch of trachea

81
Q

branchide

A

branch of bronchus

82
Q

alveoli

A

where gas exchange happens

83
Q

diaphragm

A

moves up and down to bring air in and ouy

84
Q

oesophagus

A

digestive system

85
Q

trachea

A

windpipe

86
Q

ribs

A

protect lungs

87
Q

intercostal muscle

A

allows ribs to expand

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