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biology > animal coordination, control and homeostatis > Flashcards

animal coordination, control and homeostatis Flashcards

1
Q

what are hormones

A

chemical messengers sent in the blood

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2
Q

what are hormones secreted by

A

various glands called endocrine glands

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3
Q

what is the group of various glands called

A

endocrine system

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4
Q

where is the pituitary gland

A

base of the brain

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5
Q

where is the thyroid gland

A

windpipe

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6
Q

where is the adrenal gland

A

top of the kidney

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7
Q

where is the pancreas gland

A

pancreas

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8
Q

where is the ovaries gland

A

ovary

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9
Q

where is the testes gland

A

testicles

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10
Q

what is the pituitary gland

A

produces many hormones which regulate body conditions
sometimes known as a ‘master gland’
as the hormones act on other glands directing them to release hormones which brings about change

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11
Q

what is the thyroid gland

A

produces thyroxine, involves regulating things like the rate of metabolism, heart rate and temperature

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12
Q

what is the adrenal gland

A

these produce adrenaline, used to prepare the body for fight or flight response

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13
Q

what is the pancreas gland

A

produces insulin which is used to regulate blood glucose level

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14
Q

what is the testes gland

A

produces testosterone which controls puberty and sperm production in males

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15
Q

what is the ovaries gland

A

produces oestrogen which is involved in the menstrual cycle

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16
Q

what are the differences between neurones and hormones

A

neurones:
very fast, act for a short time, act on a very precise area

hormones:
slower action, act for a long time, act in a more general way

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17
Q

what does adrenaline do

A

prepares your ‘fight or flight’ - wether you stand your ground in a threat or run away

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18
Q

how does adrenaline have its effect

A

by activating a process which increases the supply of oxygen and glucose to cells,
adrenaline binds to receptors in the heart, causes muscles to contract more frequently, heart pumps more blood, muscle cells receive more oxygen and glucose this way

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19
Q

what does your brain do in a stressful situation

A

sends nervous impulses to the adrenal glands,secreting adrenaline, gets the body ready

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20
Q

what can affect hormone release

A

negative feedback

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21
Q

negative feedback

A

action taken by the body to return something to a normal / optimum level following a change from that level e.g. above or below

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22
Q

what does thyroxine do

A

regulates metabolism

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23
Q

what is metabolic rate

A

the speed at which chemical reactions in the body occur

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24
Q

how is the amount of thyroxine in the blood kept at the right level (2)

A

if it goes lower - the hypothalamus stimulates to release thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
this then stimulates the pituitary to release thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
this then releases thyroxine from the gland, levels rise again towards normal

if they go higher - the release of TRH is inhibited, so then levels fall

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25
Q

what is the menstrual cycle

A

monthly sequence of events in which the female body releases an egg and prepares the uterus in case the egg is fertilised

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26
Q

what is the first stage of the menstrual cycle

A

DAY ONE
menstruation starts, lining of the uterus is broken down and released

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27
Q

what is the second stage of the menstrual cycle

A

DAY 4 - 14
uterus lining is repaired
it becomes a thick spongy layer ready for fertilise eggs to implant there

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28
Q

what is the third stage of the menstrual cycle

A

DAY 14
egg is developed and released from the ovary

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29
Q

what is the fourth stage of the menstrual cycle

A

DAY 14 - 28
the lining is then maintained, if there is no fertilised egg, the spongy lining breaks down, creates the cycle once again starting over again

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30
Q

what are the 4 hormones called in the menstrual cycle which controls it

A

FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
Oestrogen
LH - luteinising hormone
Progesterone

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31
Q

where is FSH released

A

pituitary gland

32
Q

where is oestrogen released

A

Ovaries

33
Q

where is LH released

A

pituitary gland

34
Q

where is progesterone released

A

corpus luteum

35
Q

what does FSH do

A

causes a follicle to mature in a ovary

stimulates oestrogen production

36
Q

what does oestrogen do

A

causes the lining of the uterus to thicken and grow

causes a high surge of LH

37
Q

what does LH do

A

stimulates ovulation

stimulates the remains of the follicle to develop a structure called a corpus luteum

38
Q

what does progesterone do

A

maintains the lining of the uterus

inhibits the release of FSH and LH

low levels cause the cycle to restart as they allow FSH to increase and uterus lining breaks down

39
Q

what happens with progesterone during pregnancy

A

levels stay high

40
Q

what is clomifene therapy and how does it work

A

a drug which can be taken in order to ovulate or regulate ovulation

works by causing more FSH and LH to be released in the body, stimulates egg maturation and ovulation, improves chances of pregnancy

41
Q

what is IVF and how does it work

A

IN VITRO FERTILISATION

involves collecting eggs from the woman’s ovaries and fertilising them in a lab using the man’s sperm
they then grow into embryos
once they are embryos they can be placed back into the women to improve chance of pregnancy, FSH and LH are also given to simulate egg production

42
Q

what is ART and what does it do

A

assisted reproductive technology

involves eggs being handled and fertilised outside the body

43
Q

what are some examples of contraceptives

A

hormones
combined pills
progesterone
barrier methods, condoms

44
Q

how are hormones contraceptives

A

oestrogen can be used to prevent the release of an egg

45
Q

how are progesterone contraceptives

A

reduces infertility, stops sperm from getting into the uterus and reaching the egg

46
Q

how are the combined pill contraceptives

A

both oestrogen and progesterone

47
Q

how are barriers contraceptives

A

stop the sperm from ever meeting the egg

48
Q

what is the positives of hormones and barrier contraceptives

A

very effective
with hormones they don’t have to stop and think each time they have sex

49
Q

what is the negatives of hormones and barrier contraceptives

A

can have unpleasant side effects

50
Q

what is homeostasis

A

maintaining the right conditions inside your body, so everything works properly, maintaining a constant internal environment

51
Q

why is homeostasis important

A

your cells need the right conditions for enzyme reactions, can be dangerous for health if conditions vary to much from normal levels.

52
Q

osmoregulation

A

regulating water content, balance between water you take in and excrete out

53
Q

thermoregulation

A

regulate body temp, reduce or increase depending on envrionemnt

54
Q

blood glucose regulation

A

make sure your glucose levels don’t go to high or to low

55
Q

what controls blood glucose levels (2)

A

insulin
glucagon

56
Q

what is added when blood glucose levels go too high

A

insulin

57
Q

what is added when blood glucose levels go too low

A

glucagon

58
Q

where is insulin secreted from

A

pancreas

59
Q

what happens to blood glucose when insulin is added

A

glucose moved from blood into liver and muscle cells

60
Q

where is glucagon secreted from

A

pancreas

61
Q

what happens to blood glucose when glucagon is added

A

glucose released into blood by liver

62
Q

what does glucagon do to the liver

A

forces it to turn glycogen into glucose

63
Q

what does insulin do to the liver

A

makes it turn glucose into glycogen

64
Q

what is type one diabetes caused by

A

lack of insulin

65
Q

what is type one

A

a condition where the pancreas produces little or no insulin, causes blood glucose to right to a level which can kill them

66
Q

what can a type one be treated by

A

insulin therapy - involves injecting insulin into the blood, often done round mealtimes so the glucose is quickly removed after eating

67
Q

what does a person with type one need to think about

A

limiting the intake of simple carbs (sugars)

taking regular exercise - removes excess glucose from blood

68
Q

what is type 2 diabetes due to

A

resistance to insulin

69
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A

Andes the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin / body become resistant to insulin, causes blood glucose levels to rise

70
Q

what is the correlation between obesity and type 2

A

obese people have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes

71
Q

BMI equ

A

weight / height (m) (squared)

72
Q

waist to hip ratio equ

A

waist circumference / hip circumference

73
Q

what is thermoregulation

A

process your body uses to keeps its internal temperature steady

74
Q

what is body temp controlled by

A

hypothalamus

75
Q

what happens when your too hot

A

erector muscles relax

lots of sweat, is released through pores, so when it evaporates it transfers energy from your skin to environment, cooling you down

blood vessels close the surface of your skin

76
Q

what happens when your cold

A

erector muscles contract, hairs stand up

very little sweat is produced

blood vessels near skin constrict

you also shiver (your muscles contract automatically)

increase rate of respiration to warm up

biology (9 decks)

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