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biology > animal coordination, control and homeostatis > Flashcards

animal coordination, control and homeostatis Flashcards

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1
Q

what are hormones

A

chemical messengers sent in the blood

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2
Q

what are hormones secreted by

A

various glands called endocrine glands

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3
Q

what is the group of various glands called

A

endocrine system

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4
Q

where is the pituitary gland

A

base of the brain

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5
Q

where is the thyroid gland

A

windpipe

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6
Q

where is the adrenal gland

A

top of the kidney

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7
Q

where is the pancreas gland

A

pancreas

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8
Q

where is the ovaries gland

A

ovary

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9
Q

where is the testes gland

A

testicles

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10
Q

what is the pituitary gland

A

produces many hormones which regulate body conditions
sometimes known as a ‘master gland’
as the hormones act on other glands directing them to release hormones which brings about change

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11
Q

what is the thyroid gland

A

produces thyroxine, involves regulating things like the rate of metabolism, heart rate and temperature

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12
Q

what is the adrenal gland

A

these produce adrenaline, used to prepare the body for fight or flight response

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13
Q

what is the pancreas gland

A

produces insulin which is used to regulate blood glucose level

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14
Q

what is the testes gland

A

produces testosterone which controls puberty and sperm production in males

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15
Q

what is the ovaries gland

A

produces oestrogen which is involved in the menstrual cycle

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16
Q

what are the differences between neurones and hormones

A

neurones:
very fast, act for a short time, act on a very precise area

hormones:
slower action, act for a long time, act in a more general way

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17
Q

what does adrenaline do

A

prepares your ‘fight or flight’ - wether you stand your ground in a threat or run away

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18
Q

how does adrenaline have its effect

A

by activating a process which increases the supply of oxygen and glucose to cells,
adrenaline binds to receptors in the heart, causes muscles to contract more frequently, heart pumps more blood, muscle cells receive more oxygen and glucose this way

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19
Q

what does your brain do in a stressful situation

A

sends nervous impulses to the adrenal glands,secreting adrenaline, gets the body ready

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20
Q

what can affect hormone release

A

negative feedback

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21
Q

negative feedback

A

action taken by the body to return something to a normal / optimum level following a change from that level e.g. above or below

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22
Q

what does thyroxine do

A

regulates metabolism

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23
Q

what is metabolic rate

A

the speed at which chemical reactions in the body occur

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24
Q

how is the amount of thyroxine in the blood kept at the right level (2)

A

if it goes lower - the hypothalamus stimulates to release thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
this then stimulates the pituitary to release thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
this then releases thyroxine from the gland, levels rise again towards normal

if they go higher - the release of TRH is inhibited, so then levels fall

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25
what is the menstrual cycle
monthly sequence of events in which the female body releases an egg and prepares the uterus in case the egg is fertilised
26
what is the first stage of the menstrual cycle
DAY ONE menstruation starts, lining of the uterus is broken down and released
27
what is the second stage of the menstrual cycle
DAY 4 - 14 uterus lining is repaired it becomes a thick spongy layer ready for fertilise eggs to implant there
28
what is the third stage of the menstrual cycle
DAY 14 egg is developed and released from the ovary
29
what is the fourth stage of the menstrual cycle
DAY 14 - 28 the lining is then maintained, if there is no fertilised egg, the spongy lining breaks down, creates the cycle once again starting over again
30
what are the 4 hormones called in the menstrual cycle which controls it
FSH - follicle stimulating hormone Oestrogen LH - luteinising hormone Progesterone
31
where is FSH released
pituitary gland
32
where is oestrogen released
Ovaries
33
where is LH released
pituitary gland
34
where is progesterone released
corpus luteum
35
what does FSH do
causes a follicle to mature in a ovary stimulates oestrogen production
36
what does oestrogen do
causes the lining of the uterus to thicken and grow causes a high surge of LH
37
what does LH do
stimulates ovulation stimulates the remains of the follicle to develop a structure called a corpus luteum
38
what does progesterone do
maintains the lining of the uterus inhibits the release of FSH and LH low levels cause the cycle to restart as they allow FSH to increase and uterus lining breaks down
39
what happens with progesterone during pregnancy
levels stay high
40
what is clomifene therapy and how does it work
a drug which can be taken in order to ovulate or regulate ovulation works by causing more FSH and LH to be released in the body, stimulates egg maturation and ovulation, improves chances of pregnancy
41
what is IVF and how does it work
IN VITRO FERTILISATION involves collecting eggs from the woman’s ovaries and fertilising them in a lab using the man’s sperm they then grow into embryos once they are embryos they can be placed back into the women to improve chance of pregnancy, FSH and LH are also given to simulate egg production
42
what is ART and what does it do
assisted reproductive technology involves eggs being handled and fertilised outside the body
43
what are some examples of contraceptives
hormones combined pills progesterone barrier methods, condoms
44
how are hormones contraceptives
oestrogen can be used to prevent the release of an egg
45
how are progesterone contraceptives
reduces infertility, stops sperm from getting into the uterus and reaching the egg
46
how are the combined pill contraceptives
both oestrogen and progesterone
47
how are barriers contraceptives
stop the sperm from ever meeting the egg
48
what is the positives of hormones and barrier contraceptives
very effective with hormones they don’t have to stop and think each time they have sex
49
what is the negatives of hormones and barrier contraceptives
can have unpleasant side effects
50
what is homeostasis
maintaining the right conditions inside your body, so everything works properly, maintaining a constant internal environment
51
why is homeostasis important
your cells need the right conditions for enzyme reactions, can be dangerous for health if conditions vary to much from normal levels.
52
osmoregulation
regulating water content, balance between water you take in and excrete out
53
thermoregulation
regulate body temp, reduce or increase depending on envrionemnt
54
blood glucose regulation
make sure your glucose levels don’t go to high or to low
55
what controls blood glucose levels (2)
insulin glucagon
56
what is added when blood glucose levels go too high
insulin
57
what is added when blood glucose levels go too low
glucagon
58
where is insulin secreted from
pancreas
59
what happens to blood glucose when insulin is added
glucose moved from blood into liver and muscle cells
60
where is glucagon secreted from
pancreas
61
what happens to blood glucose when glucagon is added
glucose released into blood by liver
62
what does glucagon do to the liver
forces it to turn glycogen into glucose
63
what does insulin do to the liver
makes it turn glucose into glycogen
64
what is type one diabetes caused by
lack of insulin
65
what is type one
a condition where the pancreas produces little or no insulin, causes blood glucose to right to a level which can kill them
66
what can a type one be treated by
insulin therapy - involves injecting insulin into the blood, often done round mealtimes so the glucose is quickly removed after eating
67
what does a person with type one need to think about
limiting the intake of simple carbs (sugars) taking regular exercise - removes excess glucose from blood
68
what is type 2 diabetes due to
resistance to insulin
69
what is type 2 diabetes
Andes the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin / body become resistant to insulin, causes blood glucose levels to rise
70
what is the correlation between obesity and type 2
obese people have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes
71
BMI equ
weight / height (m) (squared)
72
waist to hip ratio equ
waist circumference / hip circumference
73
what is thermoregulation
process your body uses to keeps its internal temperature steady
74
what is body temp controlled by
hypothalamus
75
what happens when your too hot
erector muscles relax lots of sweat, is released through pores, so when it evaporates it transfers energy from your skin to environment, cooling you down blood vessels close the surface of your skin
76
what happens when your cold
erector muscles contract, hairs stand up very little sweat is produced blood vessels near skin constrict you also shiver (your muscles contract automatically) increase rate of respiration to warm up

biology (9 decks)

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