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FA Rapid Review > Key Associations > Flashcards

Key Associations Flashcards

1
Q

actinic (solar) keratosis

A

precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury

A

Cushing ulcer

increased intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric secretion

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3
Q

acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns

A

Curling ulcer

greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa

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4
Q

alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon

A

Skip lesions (Crohn disease)

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5
Q

Aneurysm, dissection

A

HTN

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6
Q

aortic aneurysms, abdominal and descending aorta

A

atherosclerosis

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7
Q

aortic aneurysm, arch

A

tertiary syphilis (syphilitic arthritis), vasa vasorum destruction

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8
Q

aortic aneurysm, ascending

A

Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)

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9
Q

atrophy of the mammillary bodies

A

Wernicke encephalopathy

thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia and confusion

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10
Q

autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)

A

Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)

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11
Q

bacteria associated with gastric, peptic ulcer disease and stomach cancer

A

H. pylori

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12
Q

bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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13
Q

bacterial meningitis (newborns)

A

Group B streptococcus

E. coli

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14
Q

bacterial meningitis (kids)

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Neisseria meningitidis

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15
Q

benign melanocytic nevus

A

Spitz nevus (most common in 1st 2 decades)

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16
Q

bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency

A

Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)

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17
Q

brain tumor (adults)

A

supratentorial

metastasis > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma) > meningioma > schwannoma

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18
Q

brain tumor (kids)

A

Intratentorial: medulloblastoma
supratentorial: craniopharyngioma (suprasellar)

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19
Q

breast cancer

A

infiltrating ductal carcinoma

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20
Q

breast mass

A

fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)

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21
Q

breast tumor (benign)

A

fibroadenoma

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22
Q

primary cardiac tumor in children

A

rhabdomyoma

often seen in tuberous sclerosis

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23
Q

cardiac manifestation of lupus

A

Libman-Sacks endocarditis, nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve

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24
Q

cardiac tumor in adults

A 
metastasis
primary myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; "ball and valve")
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25
Q

cerebellar tonsilar herniation

A

Chiari II malformation

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26
Q

chronic arrhythmia

A

atrial fibrillation (associated with a high risk of emboli)

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27
Q

chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)

A

predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)

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28
Q

clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina

A

DES exposure in utero

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29
Q

compression fracture

A

osteoporosis
type I: postmenopausal women
type II: elderly man or woman

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30
Q

congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

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31
Q

congenital cardiac anomaly

A

VSD

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32
Q

congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)

A

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)

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33
Q

constrictive pericarditis

A

TB (developing world)

SLE (developed world)

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34
Q

coronary artery involved in thrombosis

A

LAD > RCA > LCA

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35
Q

cretinism

A

iodine deficit, hypothyroidism

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36
Q

Cushing syndrome

A
  • iatrogenic Cushing (2/2 chronic corticosteroid use)
  • adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
  • ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma
  • paraneoplastic Cushing (due to ACTH secretion by tumors)
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37
Q

congenital heart disease cyanosis (early)

A
  • Tetralogy of Fallot
  • transposition of the great vessels
  • truncus arteriosus
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38
Q

congenital heart disease cyanosis (late)

A

VSD, ASD, PDA

more common

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39
Q

death in CML

A

blast crisis

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40
Q

death in SLE

A

lupus nephropathy

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41
Q

dementia

A

Alzheimer disease

multiple infarcts

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42
Q

demyelinating disease in young women

A

multiple sclerosis

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43
Q

DIC

A

severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, massive surgery

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44
Q

dietary deficiency

A

iron

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45
Q

diverticulum in pharynx

A

Zenker diverticulum

diagnosed by barium swallow

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46
Q

Ejection click

A

aortic/pulmonic stenosis

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47
Q

esophageal cancer

A

squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide)

adenocarcinoma (US)

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48
Q

food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)

A

S. aureus

B. cereus

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49
Q

glomerulonephritis (adults)

A

Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)

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50
Q

gynecologic malignancy

A 
endometrial carcinoma (most common in US)
cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
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51
Q

congenital heart murmur

A

mitral valve prolapse

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52
Q

heart valves involved in bacterial endocarditis

A

mitral > aortic (damaged by rheumatic fever)

tricuspid (IVDU)

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53
Q

helminth infection (US)

A

Enterobius vermicularis

Ascaris lumbricoides

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54
Q

epidural hematoma

A

rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma)

lens-shaped

55
Q

subdural hematoma

A

rupture of bridging veins

crescent shaped

56
Q

hemochromatosis

A

multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation

can result in CHF, “bronze diabetes” and cirrhosis –> increased risk of HCC

57
Q

hepatocellular carcinoma

A

cirrhotic liver, associated with HBV (oncogenic), HCV, alcoholism

58
Q

hereditary bleeding disorder

A

von Willebrand disease

59
Q

hereditary harmless jaundice

A

Gilbert syndrome

benign unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia

60
Q

HLA-B27

A

ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, ulcerative colitis, psoriatic arthritis

61
Q

HLA-DR3 or -DR4

A

diabetes mellitus type I
rheumatoid arthritis
SLE

62
Q

holosystolic murmur

A

VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation

63
Q

hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis

A

Virchow triad, results in venous thrombosis

64
Q

secondary HTN

A

renal disease

65
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

accidental excision during thyroidectomy

66
Q

hypopituitarism

A

pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)

67
Q

infection 2/2 blood transfusion

A

Hepatitis C

68
Q

infections in chronic granulomatous disease

A

Staphylococcus aureus
E. coli
Aspergillus

(catalase + organisms)

69
Q

intellectual disability

A

Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome

70
Q

kidney stones

A

calcium - radiopaque
struvite (ammonium) - radiopaque, formed by urease+ organisms such as proteus vulgaris or staphylococcus
uric acid - radiolucent

71
Q

late cyanotic shunt - uncorrected left to right becomes right to left

A 
Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA) 
results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia
72
Q

liver disease

A

alcoholic cirrhosis

73
Q

lysosomal storage disease

A

Gaucher disease (AR)

74
Q

male cancer

A

prostate carcinoma

75
Q

malignancy associated with non-infectious fever

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

76
Q

malignancy (children)

A

ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)

77
Q

metastases to bone

A

prostate, breast > lung > thyroid

78
Q

metastases to brain

A

lung > breast > GU > melanoma > GI

79
Q

metastases to liver

A

colon&raquo_space; stomach, pancreas

80
Q

mitochondrial inheritance

A

disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only

81
Q

mitral valve stenosis

A

rheumatic heart disease

82
Q

mixed (UMN & LMN) motor neuron disease

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

83
Q

myocarditis

A

coxsackie B

84
Q

nephrotic syndrome (adults)

A

focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

85
Q

nephrotic syndrome (kids)

A

minimal change disease

86
Q

neuron migration failure

A

Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism + anosmia)

87
Q

nosocomial pneumonia

A

Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

88
Q

obstruction of male urinary tract

89
Q

opening snap

A

mitral stenosis

90
Q

opportunistic infection in AIDS

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

91
Q

osteomyelitis

92
Q

osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease

A

Salmonella

93
Q

osteomyelitis with IV drug use

A

Pseudomonas, S. aureus

94
Q

ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer

A

Kruckenberg tumor

mucin-secreting signet-ring cells

95
Q

ovarian tumor (malignant)

A

serous cystadenocarcinoma

96
Q

pancreatitis (acute)

A

gallstones, alcohol

97
Q

pancreatitis (chronic)

A 
alcohol (adulte)
cystic fibrosis (kids)
98
Q

patients with ALL/CLL/AML/CLL

A

ALL: child
CLL: adult >60
AML: adult ~65yo
CML: adult 30-60yo

99
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

Neisseria gonorrheae

100
Q

Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl)

A

CML (may sometime be associated with ALL/AML)

101
Q

pituitary tumor

A

prolactinoma, somatotrophic “acidophillic” adenoma

102
Q

primary amenorhea

A

Turner syndrome (45,XO)

103
Q

primary bone tumor

A

multiple myeloma

104
Q

primary hyperadolsteronism

A

adenoma of the adrenal cortex

105
Q

primary hyperparathyroidism

A

adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma

106
Q

primary liver cancer

A

hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency)

107
Q

pulmonary hypertension

108
Q

recurrent inflammatio/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities

A

Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco)

109
Q

renal tumor

A

renal cell carcinoma
associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking
paraneoplastic syndromes: EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH

110
Q

right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause

A

cor pulmonale

111
Q

S3 (protodiastolic gallop)

A

increased ventricular filling (left-to-right shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure/CHF)

112
Q

S4 (presystolic galloo)

A

stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)

113
Q

secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease

114
Q

sexually transmitted disease

A

chlamydia (usually co-infected with gonorrhea)

115
Q

SIADH

A

small cell carcinoma of the lung

116
Q

site of diverticula

A

sigmoid colon

117
Q

sites of atherosclerosis

A

abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery

118
Q

stomach cancer

A

adenocarcinoma

119
Q

stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)

120
Q

t(14,18)

A

follicular lymphoma (bcl-2 activation)

121
Q

t(8,14)

A

Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc activation)

122
Q

t(9,22)

A

Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)

123
Q

temporal arteritis

A

risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery
polymyalgia rheumatica

124
Q

testicular tumor

A

seminoma

malignant, radiosensitive

125
Q

thyroid cancer

A

papillary carcinoma

126
Q

tumor in women

A

leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)

127
Q

tumor of infancy

A

hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)

128
Q

tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults

A

pheochromocytoma (usually benign)

129
Q

tumor of the adrenal medulla in children

A

neuroblastoma (malignant)

130
Q

type of Hodgkin lymphoma

A

Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)

131
Q

type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma

A

diffuse large cell

132
Q

UTI

A 
E. coli
Staphylococus saphrophyticus (young women)
133
Q

viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe

134
Q

Vitamin deficiency (US)

A

folate
pregnant women are at high risk, body stores only 3-4 month supply
prevents neural tube defects

FA Rapid Review (6 decks)

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