DIT Rapid-Fire Facts Flashcards
continuous machinery-like murmur
PDA
“boot-shaped” heart
tetralogy of Fallot
rib notching
coarctation of the aorta
most common congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
most common cause of early cyanosis
tetralogy of Fallot
medical treatment for pheochromocytoma
phenoxybenzamine
selective a1 antagonist for BPH
tamsulosin
less hypotension bc selective for a1 receptors in the prostate
drooling farmer
organophosphate poisoning
amyloid deposits in gray matter of the brain
Alzheimer’s dementia
treatment for absence seizures
ethosuximide (also VPA)
treatment for tonic-clonic seizures
phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid
“worst headache of my life”
subarachnoid hemorrhage
lucid interval following head trauma
epidural hematoma
bloody CSF on LP
subarachnoid hemorrhage
most common cause of subdural hematoma
trauma, rupture of bridging veins
most common cause of epidural hematoma
temporal bone fracture –> middle meningeal artery injury
ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis
Horner syndrome
unilateral facial droop involving the forehead
CN VII lesion (Bell’s palsy)
hyperflexible joints, arachnodactyly, aortic dissection, lens dislocation
Marfan’s syndrome
hereditary nephritis, cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss
Alport syndrome
most common cause of neural tube defects
folate deficiency
most common cause of congenital malformations in the US
EtOH use –> fetal alcohol syndrome
most common cause of congenital intellectual disability in the US
fetal alcohol syndrome
bounding pulses, head-bobbing, diastolic murmur
aortic regurgitation
bone enlargement, bone pain, arthritis
Paget’s disease of the bone
vertebral compression fractures
osteoporosis
positive anterior drawer sign
anterior cruciate ligament injury
swollen, hard, painful finger joints
osteoarthritis
swollen, boggy, painful finger joints
rheumatoid arthritis
cartilage erosion with polished bone underneath
eburnation (osteoarthritis)
swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint
gout
positively birefringent rhomboid-shaped crystals
pseudogout (CPPD)
negatively birefringent needle-shaped crystals
gout
bamboo spine
ankylosing spondylitis
HLA-B27
seronegative spondyloarthropathies (psoriatic, IBD, reactive, ankylosing spondylitis)
anti-Smith & anti-dsDNA
lupus
anti-histone Ab
drug-induced lupus
sulfa drugs, hydralizine, isoniazid, procainamide, phenytoin
anti-centromere Ab
CREST scleroderma
anti-topoisomerase Ab
diffuse systemic scleroderma
anti-Jo1 Ab
polymyositis
anti-Ro Ab
Sjogren syndrome
facial rash + Raynaud phenomenon in a young woman
lupus
arthritis, dry mouth, dry eyes
Sjogren syndrome
most common cause of death in lupus
lupus nephropathy/renal failure
keratin pearls on skin biopsy
squamous cell carcinoma
most common malignant skin tumor
basal cell carcinoma
most common cancer in men
prostate cancer
most common cause of urinary obstruction in men
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
most common treatment for erectile dysfunction
phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor
dysplastic cervical cells with enlarged, dark nuclei
koilocytes (HPV infection)
DES exposure
clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
most common tumor in women
leomyoma
most common gynecologic malignancy in the US
endometrial carcinoma
most common gynecologic malignancy worldwide
cervical cancer
chocolate cyst of the ovary
endometriosis
most common benign ovarian tumor
serous cystadenoma
most common malignant ovarian tumor
serous cystadenocarcinoma
disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid
Call-Exner bodies (granulosa-theca tumor)
most common genetic cause of intellectual disability
Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)
2nd most common genetic cause of intellectual disability
Fragile X syndrome
horseshoe kidney, congenital heart defects, streak ovaries, cystic hygroma
Turner syndrome
rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, microcephaly with prominent occiput and small jaw
Edwards syndrome (Trisomy 18)
most common cancer in women in the US
breast cancer
most common benign breast tumor
fibroadenoma
most common malignant breast tumor
invasive (infiltrating) ductal carcinoma
blue dome cyst in the breast
nonproliferative fibrocystic change
treatment for ER(+) breast cancer
tamoxifen
red, itchy, swollen rash on areola and nipple
Paget’s disease of the breast
indicates underlying DCIS –> need mammo
branching filamentous Gram-positive rods with sulfur granules
Actinomyces israelii
food poisoning due to exotoxin
S. aureus, B. cereus
osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
most common medication used for UTI prophylaxis
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxizole (TMP-SMX)
most common bacteria in a patient with struvite kidney stones
Proteus (then staph)
standard treatment for T. pallidum
Penicillin G
cellulitis from a dog or cat bite
Pasturella multoceda
non-painful, indurated, ulcerated genital lesion
Chancre of primary syphillis
moist, smooth, flat, white genital lesion
Condyloma lata of secondary syphillis
large bulls eye rash
erythema migrans (lyme disease)
calcified granuloma in the lung + hilar lymphadenopathy
Ghon complex (primary Tb)
back pain, fever, night sweats, weight loss
Pott’s disease (vertebral Tb)
standard treatment regimen for tuberculosis
rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol (RIPE)
eczema, recurrent “cold” abscesses, high serum IgE
hyper IgE syndrome (X-linked)
large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes
Chediak-Higashi syndrome
toe extension upon stimulating the sole of the foot with a blunt instrument
Babinski sign
hyperreflexia, increased muscle tone, +Babinski sign
UMN lesion
hyporeflexia, decreased muscle tone, muscle atrophy
LMN lesion
depigmentation of the substantia nigra
Parkinson disease
chorea, dementia, atrophy of caudate + putamen
Huntington disease
eosinophilic inclusions in cytoplasm of neurons
Lewy bodies (seen in PD and dementia with Lewy bodies)
conjugate lateral gaze palsy with nystagmus and diplopia during lateral gaze
internuclear ophthalmoplegia
degeneration of dorsal columns
tabes dorsalis (tertiary syphillis)
demyelinating disease in a young woman
multiple sclerosis
mixed upper and lower motor neuron disease
ALS
newborn with arm paralysis following difficult labor
Erb-Duchenne palsy
most common cause of dementia
Alzhiemer disease
2nd most common cause of dementia
multi-infarct (vascular) dementia
extracellular amyloid deposits in grey matter
amyloid (senile) plaques
intracellular deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau
neurofibrillary tangles
intracellular spherical aggregates of tau protein seen on sliver stain
Pick bodies (FTD)
dysphagia, glossitis & iron deficiency anemia
Plummer-Vinson syndrome
hematemesis with retching
Mallory-Weiss tear
mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus
signet ring cell (seen in gastric cancer, LCIS, invasive lobular cancer)
most common type of stomach cancer
adenocarcinoms
ovarian metastases from gastric cancer
Kruckenberg tumor
gastric ulcerations, very high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma)
acute gastric ulcer associated with increased ICP or head trauma
Cushing ulcer
acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Curling ulcer
weight loss, diarrhea, fever, adenopathy & hyperpigmentation
Whipple disease (Tropheryma whipplei)
anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadidn/anti-endomysial antibodies
Celiac sprue
vitamin given to pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects
folic acid
most common surgical emergency
appendicitis
severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness
McBurney’s sign (appendicitis)
most common cancer of the appendix
carcinoid tumor
GI hamartomas, hyperpigmentation of the mouth and hands
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
multiple colon polyps, osteomas, soft tissue tumors
Gardner syndrome
apple core lesions on barium enema
colon cancer
most common site of colonic diverticula
sigmoid colon
“string sign” on contrast AXR
Crohn disease
“lead pipe” appearance of colon on contrast x-ray
Ulcerative colitis
painless jaundice
pancreatic adenocarcinoma in the head of the pancreas
most common cause of acute pancreatitis
EtOH, gallstones
most common cause of chronic pancreatitis
EtOH
severe hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate
Crigler-Najar syndrome type I
mild, benign hyperbilirubinemia
Gilbert syndrome
triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes
hepatic steatosis/fatty liver disease
eosinophilic inclusions in cytoplasm of hepatocytes
Mallory bodies
cancer closely linked to cirrhosis
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, ascites
Budd-Chiari syndrome
green/yellow corneal deposits
Kayser-Fleischer rings (Wilson’s disease)
low serum cerulopasmin
Wilson’s disease
cirrhosis, diabetes & hyperpigmentation
Hemochromatosis
chronic sinusitis, infertility, situs inversus
Kartagener syndrome (primary ciliary dyskinesia)
elevated D-dimer
DVT, PE (very nonspecific)
blood stasis, hypercoagulability, endothelial damage
Virchow triad for thrombosis
blue bloater
chronic bronchitis (hypoxemia & hypercapnea)
pink puffer
emphysema (dyspnea & hyperventilation)
Curschmann’s spirals
shed epithelium forms mucus plugs
asthma
most common cause of pulmonary hypertension
COPD
bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis
Sarcoidosis
vascculitis & glomerulonephritis
Goodpasture syndrome
Wegener’s granulomatosis (granulomatosis with polyangiitis)
anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
Goodpasture syndrome
honeycomb lung on CXR
interstitial fibrosis
“tennis racket”-shaped cytoplasmic organelles
Birbeck granules
seen in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (eosinophilic granuloma)
iron-containning nodules in alveolar septum
Ferruginous bodies (asbestosis)
lung cancer associated with SIADH
small cell
tumor associated with Horner’s syndrome
Pancoast tumor
chest pain, pericardial friction rub and persistent fever for several weeks after a MI
Dressler syndrome
splinter hemorrhages under the nails
infective endocarditis
retinal hemorrhages with pale spots
Roth spots (Infective endocarditis)
heart valve most commonly involved in infective endocarditis
Mitral valve
heart valve most commonly involved in IVDU with infective endocarditis
tricuspid valve
granulomatous nodules in the heart
Aschoff bodies (rheumatic heart disease)
most common primary cardiac tumor in adults
myxoma (most commonly in the left atrium)
most common primary cardiac tumor in children
rhabdomyoma
most common cause of constrictive pericarditis
Lupus (US)
Tuberculosis (developing countries)
cold, pale, painful digits
Raynaud disease
c-ANCA
granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s)
p-ANCA
microscopic polyangiitis, Churg-Strauss syndrome
treatment for Buerger’s disease
smoking cessation
treatment for temporal arteritis
high dose steroids
most common cause of bacterial meningitis in a neonate
GBS
E. coli
Listeria
most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children
S. pneumoniae
N. meningiditis
most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults
S. pneumoniae
osteomyelitis in IVDU
S. aureus
Pseudomonas
Serratia
osteomyelitis in a sickle cell patient
Salmonella
most common reportable STD
chlamydia
non-painful, indurated, ulcerated genital lesion
Chancre of primary syphillis
painful, indurated, ulcerated genital lesion with exudate
Chancroid
stippled vaginal epithelial cells on wet prep of vaginal discharge
clue cells (Bacterial vaginosis)
common treatment for syphillis
penicillin G
common treatment for trichomonas
metronidazole
common treatment for chlamydia
doxycycline, azithromycin
common treatment for gonorrhea
ceftriaxone
boy with self-mutilating behavior, intellectual disability and gout
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (HGPRT deficiency)
orotic acid in the urine and increased serum ammonia
OTC deficiency
orotic acid in the urine with normal serum ammonia
orotic aciduria (CPS2 deficiency)
megaloblastic anemia that does not improve with B12 & folate
orotic aciduria
most common medication for ADHD
methylphenidate (Ritalin)
most common medication for bulimia nervosa
fluoxetine
medical treatment for alcohol withdrawal
benzodiazepines
most effective treatment for alcohol abuse
alcoholics anonymous
atrophy of the mammilary bodies
Wernicke encephalopathy
treatment for central DI
desmopressin (DDAVP)
treatment for nephrogenic DI
HCTZ, indomethacin, amiloride
treatment for Lithium-induced nephrogenic DI
amiloride - blocks the Na channels that Lithium uses to enter the cell
nodular hyaline deposits in the glomeruli
Kimmelsteil-Wilson nodules (DM nephropathy)
gomerulonephritis + pulmonary vasculitis
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Goodpasture syndrome
red cell casts
acute glomerulonephritis
waxy casts
chronic renal failure
thyroid-like appearance of the kidney
chronic pyelonephritis
most common renal tumor
renal cell carcinoma
most common type of renal stone
calcium
type of renal stone associated with Proteus vulgaris
struvite (ammonium magnesium phosphate)
bluish colored lines on the gingiva
Burton’s lines (lead poisoning)
treatment of choice for rickets or osteomalacia
Vitamin D
swollen gums, poor wound healing, bleeding mucous membranes, spots on skin
scurvy (vitamin C deficiency)
most common vitamin deficiency in the US
folate deficiency
hypersegmented neutrophils
megaloblastic anemia (B12 or folate deficiency)
dilated cardiomyopathy, edema and polyneuropathy
wet beriberi (thiamine/B1 deficiency)
inability to breat feed, amenorrhea, cold intolerance
Sheehan syndrome
infertility, galactorrhea, bitemporal hemianopsia
prolactinoma
most common causes of Cushing syndrome
exogenous steroid use, ectopic ACTH (paraneoplastic), ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease), adrenal tumor secreting cortisol (rare)
most common tumor of the adrenal gland
benign, non-functioning adenoma
most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults
pheochromocytoma
most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in children
neuroblastoma
most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism
adrenal adenoma
medical treatment for hyperaldosteronism
aldosterone antagonist (spironolactone, elperenone)
medical treatment for pheochromocytoma
nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist (phenoxybenzamine) + beta blocker
pheochromocytoma + medullary thyroid cancer + hyperparathyroidism
MEN 2A
pheochromocytoma + medullary thyroid cancer + mucosal neuromas
MEN 2B
adrenal disease associated with skin hyperpigmentation
Addison disease (primary adrenal insufficiency)
HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
hyperaldosteronism (Conn syndrome)
most common thyroid cancer
papillary carcinoma
cold intolerance
hypothyroidism
enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei
papillary carcinoma
standard treatment for DKA
IV fluids
IV insulin drip
K+ repletion
standard treatment for T1DM
insulin
standard treatment for T2DM
low carbohydrate diet
weight loss
oral hypoglycemic medications
insulin
most common cause of hypercalcemia
primary hyperparathyroidism
most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism
chronic renal failure
most common cause of hypoparathyroidism
parathyroidectomy during thyroid surgery
facial muscle spasm when tapping cheek
Chvostek sign (hypocalcemia)
parathyroid, pancreatic and pituitary tumors
MEN 1
preferred anticoagulant for immediate anticoagulation
heparin
preferred anticoagulant for long-term anticoagulation
warfarin
preferred anticoagulant during pregnancy
heparin
causes of hypochromic microcytic anemia
iron deficiency, thalassemia, lead poisoning
hypersegmented neutrophils
megaloblastic anemia
skull x-ray shows “hairs on end” appearance
marrow hyperplasia (beta-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia)
basophilic stippling of RBCs
lead poisoning
painful cyanosis of finger and toes with hemolytic anemia
cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia
red urine in the morning and fragile RBCs
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
Howell-Jolly bodies
s/p splenectomy
autosplenectomy
sickle cell disease
drug used to treat sickle cell anemia
hydroxyurea
antiplatelet antibodies
immune thrombocytopenia
bleeding disorder with gpIb deficiency
Bernard-Soulier disease
most common inherited bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease
cancer most commonly associated with non-infectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma
sheets of lymphoid cells with a “starry sky” apperance
Burkitt lymphoma
large B cells with bilobed nuclei and prominent “owl’s eye” inclusions
Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkin lymphoma)
“smudge” cells
CLL
“punched out” lytic bone lesions
multiple myeloma
RBC clumped together like a sack of coins
rouleaux formation (multiple myeloma)
monoclonal antibody spike
multiple myeloma, MGUS, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
reddish-pink rods in the cytoplasm of leukemic blasts
Auer rods (M3 AML)
dark purple skin nodules in HIV patients
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
temporal lobe encephalitis
HSV-1
owl’s eye inclusions in organ tissue
CMV
intranuclear eosinophilc droplets
Cowdry A bodies (HSV, VZV)
aplastic anemia in a sickle cell patient
parvovirus B19 (ssDNA)
child with a fever and slapped cheek rash on face that spreads to the body
erythema infeciousum (parvovirus B19)
fever, runny nose, cough, conjunctivitis, diffuse rash
measles (rubeola)
small, irregular, blue-gray spots on buccal mucosa surrounded by base of erythema
Koplik spots (measles)
treatment for CMV
ganciclovir
foscarnet if resistant
most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients
pneumocystic jirovecii pneumonia
drug used to prevent pneumocystic pneumonia
TMP-SMX
treatment for oral candidaisis
nystatin
fluconazole
prophylaxis for cryptococcus in AIDS patients
fluconazole
treatment for systemic candidiasis
immuncompetent: fluconazole
immunocompromised: amphotericin B, echinocandin
treatment for Sporothrix schenckii
itraconazole (first line), potassium iodide
ring-enhancing brain lesions in HIV
toxoplasmosis
primary CNS lymphoma
treatment for trichomonas vaginalis
metronidazole
most common protozoal diarrhea
Giardia lamblia
most common helminth infection in the US
enterobius vermicularis
second most common helminth infection in the US
Ascaris lumbricoides
