Key Area 6: Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Respiration

A

the cellular process that releases energy from food and stores it as ATP.

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2
Q

Glucose

A

the main source of chemical energy in a living cell

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3
Q

ATP

A

a molecule that stores and transfers energy in cells

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4
Q

Pyruvate

A

key intermediate molecule in metabolism

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5
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

a chemical process that uses oxygen to break down nutrients and produce energy

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6
Q

Fermentation

A

a metabolic process that breaks down glucose without oxygen to produce energy

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7
Q

Lactate

A

the deprotonated form of lactic acid, which is a substance produced when the body breaks down glucose without oxygen

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8
Q

Carbon dioxide and ethanol

A
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9
Q

Cytoplasm

A

the fluid that fills the inside of a cel

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10
Q

Mitochondria

A

Where aerobic respiration takes place and ATP is produced in the cell.

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11
Q

ADP

A

a biological molecule that plays a key role in the flow of energy in living organism

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12
Q

Chemical energy is released

A

when food is burnt as heat and light energy

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13
Q

In living cells chemical energy is released in a series of

A

enzyme controlled reactions in respiration

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14
Q

ATP —> ADP + Pi

A

releases energy

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15
Q

ADP + Pi —> ATP

A

requires energy

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16
Q

First stage of respiration

A

The breakdown of glucose, this is identical for aerobic respiration and fermentation

17
Q

Second stage of respiration

A

The fate of pyruvate, this stage is different for aerobic respiration and fermentation pathways

18
Q

The first stage of respiration takes place in the

A

Cytoplasm

19
Q

Glucose is broken down in a series of enzyme controlled reactions to form ….. oxygen does ….

A
  1. two molecules of pyruvate, two ATP molecules
  2. not need to be present
20
Q

Aerobic respiration takes place in the

A

Mitochondria

21
Q

Aerobic respiration involves the breakdown of …. in a series of enzyme controlled reactions to release….

A
  1. Pyruvate
  2. carbon dioxide, water, and 18 molecules of ATP per pyruvate molecule
22
Q

In aerobic respiration a total of … are produced for each ….

A
  1. 38 ATP
  2. original glucose molecule
23
Q

In fermentation, … is present

A

no oxygen

24
Q

In fermentation glucose is broken down to

A

2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule

25
Q

Animal cells

A

glucose —> pyruvate —> lactate + energy

26
Q

lactate can cause

A

muscle fatigue and an oxygen debt builds up

27
Q

Pyruvate to lactic acid (animal)

A

is reversible

28
Q

Plant and yeast cells

A

Glucose –> pyruvate —> ethanol and CO2 + energy?

29
Q

pyruvate to ethanol and CO2 (p and y)

A

is and irreversible process

30
Q

Fermentation takes place in the

A

cytoplasm

31
Q

Aerobic respiration requires

A

oxygen

32
Q

Fermentation does not require

A

oxygen

33
Q

Stage 1 of aerobic respiration (cytoplasm)

A

Glucose —> 2 molecules of pyruvate
(+2 molecules of ATP)

34
Q

Stage 2 of aerobic respiration (mitochondria)

A

Pyruvate + Oxygen —> CO2 + water
(+large number of ATP)

35
Q

ATP is an energy-rich chemical compound. The energy released when the bond attaching to the

A

terminal phosphate is broken

36
Q

In the absence of oxygen the … pathway takes place

A

fermentation

37
Q

The higher the energy requirement of a cell thr greater the number of

A

Mitochondria present in the cell

38
Q

… begins in the cytoplasm. the process of … is completed in the cytoplasm. whereas … is completed in the mitochondria

A
  1. Respiration
  2. Fermentation
  3. aerobic respiration
39
Q

What is released as a waste product during aerobic respiration in yeast cells?

A

Water