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2023-2024 > Ketones and Aldehydes - Chp 18 > Flashcards

Ketones and Aldehydes - Chp 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Which is weaker regarding aromatic substitution reactions? Halogens or CH3?

A

Halogens

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2
Q

2R-C=O (or C=O) group is named…

A

oxo

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3
Q

The C=O bond of ketones is ______ (longer/shorter), ________ (stronger/weaker) and more ________ (less/more polar) than the C=C bond of alkenes

A

shorter; stronger; more polar

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4
Q

As the number of R groups around the carbonyl carbon (C=O) increases, the reactivity of C=O __________ (increases/decreases).

A

decreases

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5
Q

Increasing steric hindrance _________ (increases/decreases) reactivity towards nucleophiles.

A

decreases

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6
Q

Nomenclature: For aldehydes you add an ____ suffix.

A

-al
ex. 2-chloropentanal

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7
Q

Nomenclature: If CHO is bonded to a ring, you name the ring and add _____________.

A

carbaldehyde

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8
Q

List order of priority.
alkane
carboxylic acids
alcohols
amides
alkyl halides
ketone
alkene
esters
alkyne
aldehydes
ether

A

carboxylic acids
esters
amides
aldehydes
ketone
alcohols
alkene
alkyne
alkane
ether
alkyl halides

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9
Q

Nomenclature: OH group is named _______.

A

hydroxy

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10
Q

Nomenclature: For ketones you add an ____ suffix.

A

“one”
ex. acetone

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11
Q

Compounds that contain both a C-C double bond and a ketone are named as ________.

A

enones

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12
Q

Compounds that contain both a C-C double bond and an aldehyde are named as ________.

A

enals

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13
Q

What is a benzoyl group?

A

Benzene + C=O

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14
Q

Name this group. CHO

A

methanoyl or formyl

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15
Q

CH3C=O with a benzene is named what?

A

Acetophenone

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16
Q

Which has a higher b.p? Ketone or aldehyde?

A

Ketone

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17
Q

Why is the b.p of ketone and aldehyde lower than alcohols?

A

They can’t H bond to each other.

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18
Q

PCC/Swern/DMP reacting with alcohols forms what?

A

An aldehyde.

19
Q

Alkene reacting with (1) O3 (2) (CH3)2S forms what?

A

A cleavage of the alkene (aldehyde + ketone) and (CH3)2S=O

20
Q

What reagents are used in the ozonolysis of alkenes?

A

(1) O3
(2) (CH3)2S

21
Q

Alkyne reacting with Hg2+, H2SO4 and H2O forms what?

A

A methyl ketone (CH3-C=O)

22
Q

What reagents are used in the hydration of alkynes?

A

Hg2+, H2SO4 and H2O
or
(1) Sia2BH and (2) H2O2, NaOH

23
Q

Alkyne reacting with (1) Sia2BH and (2) H2O2, NaOH forms what?

A

An aldehyde.

24
Q

A Grignard or organolithium reagent attacking the carbon of a nitrile forms what?

A

A ketone.

25
Q

Which compound exists to the greatest extent as it hydrates when dissolved in aq solution? Aldehyde or ketone? Does conjugation increase or decrease its extent?

A

Aldehyde; conjugation increases its extent.

26
Q

What increase the reactivity toward cyanohydrin formation w/ HCN or KCN and ketones?

A

Electron-withdrawing groups (ex. halogens).

27
Q

What reagent can reduce nitriles to aldehydes?

A

Aluminum hydride
ex. LiAlH4, (i-Bu)2AlH

28
Q

Give the general formula for a hemiacetal.

A

OH-C-OR
(C attached with an OH group and an OR group)

29
Q

Give the general formula for an acetal.

A

OR-C-OR
(C attached to 2 alkoxy groups)

30
Q

Oxidizing aldehydes forms what product?

A

(Easily oxidized to…) carboxylic acids

31
Q

Which is more reactive? Aldehydes or ketones? Why?

A

Aldehydes b/c they are more polarized and has less steric hindrance compared to the 2 R groups on ketones.

32
Q

PCC oxidizes primary alcohols to ________ and secondary alcohols to _______.

A

aldehydes; ketones

33
Q

What reagents can oxidize a secondary alcohol to a ketone?

A

PCC
K2Cr2O7, H2SO4, H2O

34
Q

Does lithium aluminum hydride reduce both carbonyls if a compound has 2 carbonyl groups?

A

Yes.

35
Q

Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) can reduce __________ to _________ (secondary/primary) alcohols and ___________ to _________ (secondary/primary) alcohols.

A

ketones; secondary; aldehydes; primary

36
Q

Can LiAlH4 reduce any carbonyl? Explain.

A

Yes b/c it is a very strong reducing agent. (Difficult to handle)

37
Q

Raney Nickel (Ni-H2) reacting with a carbonyl forms…

A

An alcohol group.

38
Q

What reagent is used in catalytic hydrogenation?

A

Ni-H2

39
Q

What reagent are used in Clemmensen reduction?

A

Zn(Hg), HCl and H2O

40
Q

Zn(Hg), HCl and H2O reacting with ketones or aldehydes forms…

A

An alkane. (Reduces carbonyl “twice” by adding Hs.)

41
Q

What reagents are used in Wolff-Kishner reduction?

A

N2H4, KOH and heat

42
Q

What is the hydrazone group?

A

-C=N-NH2

43
Q

Carbonyl reacting with N2H4 forms what?

A

A hydrazone.

2023-2024 (16 decks)

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