Ketogenesis Flashcards
These are the result of excess acetyl CoA (from fat burning) spilling over away from the Krebs Cycle.
Ketone bodies
In the liver, acetyl CoA from Beta-oxidation can become ketone bodies. Where does this occur?
Mitochondria
What are some common ketones?
- Acetoacetate (functional)
- Beta hydroxybutyrate (functional)
- Acetone (side product)
When does ketogenesis typically occur?
- In response to low/no carbohydrate
- An elevation in ketone bodies in the blood and urine
Ketones can be oxidized to make what?
ATP
Ketones are primarily created from what?
Fat
By having ketones to burn, tissue does not have to rely on amino acids to make glucose. What is this known as?
Protein sparing effect
What are the only ketogenic amino acids?
Lysine and leucine
What is the rate limiting step in the synthesis of ketone bodies?
HMG CoA Synthase
Glucagon does what to liver glycolysis and liver fat burning?
Glucagon inhibits liver glycolysis and stimulates liver fat burning
Acetyl CoA produced by OHOT does what to pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase?
It inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase and stimulates pyruvate carboxylase
What are some mechanics of ketogenesis in response to low carbohydrates?
- Increased fat burning
- Increased gluconeogenesis
- OHOT makes excess acetyl CoA
- Excess acetyl CoA turns into ketone bodies
Ketone bodies and cholesterol are made from the same materials. What are they?
- Both start from acetyl CoA
- Both have HMG CoA as a precursor
Although ketone bodies and cholesterol are made from the same materials they are made under different conditions. What are they?
- Excessive fat burning in the liver creates ketones
- Excessive sugar and insulin results in cholesterol
This is the abnormal accumulation of ketones in the body as a result of excessive breakdown of fats caused by a deficiency or inadequate used of carbohydrates.
Ketosis
