Biochemistry Basics

Question 1

This is the transfer and use of energy in biologic systems.

Answer 1

Bioenergentics

Question 2

This term refers to a change in free energy.

Answer 2

ΔG

Question 3

ΔG approaches zero as the reaction approaches what?

Answer 3

Equilibrium

Question 4

This is a change in heat content of the reactants and products.

Answer 4

Enthalpy

Question 5

This is a change in randomness/disorder of the reactants and products.

Answer 5

Entropy

Question 6

When ΔG is ___ the reaction proceeds, is exergonic, and implies a net loss of energy

Answer 6

Negative

Question 7

When ΔG is ___ the reaction does not proceed, is endergonic, and implies a net gain of energy.

Answer 7

Positive. Energy must be added to the system to make it proceed.

Question 8

When ΔG is ___ reactants are at equilibrium.

Answer 8

Zero

Question 9

The free energy changes (ΔG) are ____ in any sequence of consecutive reactions.

Answer 9

Additive

Question 10

As long as the sum of ΔG’s of the individual reactions is ____, the pathway moves forward.

Answer 10

Negative

Question 11

This is when two reactions are happening at the same time.

Answer 11

Coupled reaction. The net ΔG must be negative for the reaction to occur.

Question 12

This common reaction is characterized by the adding/removing of a phosphate group.

Answer 12

Phosphorylation

Question 13

During phosphorylation, these enzymes add phosphate groups.

Answer 13

Kinases

Question 14

During phosphorylation, these enzymes remove phosphate groups.

Answer 14

Phosphatases

Question 15

This common reaction is characterized by the rearranging of atoms.

Answer 15

Isomerization

Question 16

During isomerization, this enzyme rearranges atoms.

Answer 16

Isomerases

Question 17

This common reaction is characterized by shifting a group on a molecule.

Answer 17

Mutation

Question 18

During mutation, this enzyme shifts a group onto a molecule.

Answer 18

Mutases

Question 19

This common reaction is characterized by the building of something.

Answer 19

Synthesis

Question 20

During synthesis, these enzymes are used to build structures.

Answer 20

Synthases or synthetases

Question 21

This common reaction is characterized by the oxidizing or reducing of something.

Answer 21

Redox

Question 22

During redox, what enzyme is typically used.

Answer 22

Dehydrogenases. They are named after what they oxidize

Question 23

Enzymes allow reactions to happen at ____ energies.

Answer 23

Lower

Question 24

This common molecule is a derivative of niacin (B vitamin) and both accepts and donates electrons.

Answer 24

NAD

Question 25

This common molecule is a derivative of riboflavin (B vitamin) and both accepts and donates electrons.

Answer 25

FAD

Question 26

This common molecule is a derivative of pantothenic acid (B vitamin), holds and transfers acetyl or acyl groups, and creates a “thioester bond”

Answer 26

Coenzyme A (not a true enzyme)

Question 27

What is the role of NADH + H+ and FADH2?

Answer 27

All they do is accept and donate electrons

Question 28

How much energy does the removal of a phosphate group from ATP generate?

Answer 28

7.3 kilocalories

Question 29

The presence of AMP stimulates a powerful enzyme called what?

Answer 29

AMPkinase

Question 30

What does AMPK stimulate?

Answer 30

GLUT4, glycogen breakdown, glycolysis, fat burning, and LPLm activation

Question 31

What does AMPK inhibit?

Answer 31

Glycogen synthesis, TAG synthesis, cholesterol synthesis, and fatty acid synthesis

Question 32

In general, what does a high energy charge tell a cell to do?

Answer 32

It tells it to build things (fat, glycogen, glucose, cholesterol, nucleotides)

Question 33

In general, what does a low energy charge tell the cell to do?

Answer 33

Create ATP (glycolysis, fat oxidation, aminoacid oxidation, Kreb’s cycle)

Question 34

When the bond between ATP’s phosphate groups is broken, relatively large amounts of free energy are released. How much free energy is released?

Answer 34

ΔG=-7.3kcal/mol

Question 35

To recreate ATP we have to get energy from molecules that can release (greater or lesser) than 7.3 kilocalories.

Answer 35

Greater

Question 36

During enzyme regulation, what occurs to the enzyme when there is excess product? By what mechanism does this occur?

Answer 36

The enzyme is inhibited when there is excess product through the mechanism of enzyme inhibition. When there is scarce product the enzyme is stimulated.

Question 37

During enzyme regulation, what occurs to the enzyme when there is excess reactant? Scarce reactant? By what mechanism does this occur?

Answer 37

The enzyme is stimulated when there is excess reactant through the mechanism of mass action. When there is scarce reactant the enzyme is inhibited.

Question 38

This hormone is secreted in response to high blood glucose. It lowers blood glucose to baseline values and increases glucose in fat and muscle cells.

Answer 38

Insulin

Question 39

This hormone is secreted in response to low blood glucose and increases blood glucose levels. It causes the liver to release glucose from storage (glycogen) and to make glucose (gluconeogenesis).

Answer 39

Glucagon

Question 40

These hormones are involved in the flight or flight response.

Answer 40

Epinephrine and norepinephrine