Ketamine and PCP

Question 1

PCP full name

Answer 1

phencyclidine

Question 2

What defines a dissociative anesthetic?

Answer 2

creates an out body/detached from environment experience

Question 3

What was PCP tested as? What behaviors resulted?

Answer 3

• an iv anesthetic agent
• trance-like/catatonic-like state
• vacant expression, fixed/staring gaze, reidigity or wavy flexibility
• reminiscent of catatonic schizophrenia

Question 4

Side-effects of PCP injection

Answer 4

hallucinations, agitation, violence

Question 5

How does ketamine compare to PCP?

Answer 5

less potent and shorter acting than PCP

Question 6

Current uses of ketamine

Answer 6

used as an anesthetic in children and veterinary medicine

Question 7

Forms of ketamine:

Answer 7

• crystals
• manufactured as a liquid and evaporated to form powder or pill for elicit use
• powder sprinkled on marijuana, tobacco, parsley and smoked

Question 8

Behavioral effects of ketamine:

Answer 8

• loss of sense of time
• distoritons of body shape/size
• sensations of floating/hovering/leaving one’s body
• supernatural visions
• at one with the universe

Question 9

ketamine produces a ______ increase in ______

Answer 9

dose-dependent; psychotic-like symptoms

Question 10

dextromethorphan

Answer 10

• DXM or robo
• recommened dosage: 15-30mg (1/6 - 1/3 oz)
• recreational doses: 2 - +10oz

Question 11

PCP, ketamine and dextromethorphan are _____ at ____ receptors

Answer 11

noncompetitive antagonists at glutamate NMDA receptors

Question 12

glutamate is synthesized from glutamine by:

Answer 12

glutaminase

Question 13

functions of glutamate

Answer 13

• used as an amino acid in protein production

- most common excitatory neurotransmitter

Question 14

glutamate synthesis

Answer 14

-in nerve terminal: glutamine is converted to glutamate by glutaminase

Question 15

fates of glutamate after release

Answer 15

• docks of postsynaptic glutamate receptor,
• taken up by EAAT3 on nerve terminal and packaged into vesicle by VGLUT
• taken up by EAAT1/EAAT2 on astrocyte

Question 16

glutamate after uptake by astrocyte:

Answer 16

• glutamate is converted to glutamine by glutamine synthetase
• glutamine transported out of astrocyte and transported into nerve terminal

Question 17

EAAT

Answer 17

excitatory amino acid transporter

Question 18

VGLUT

Answer 18

vesicular glutamate transporter

Question 19

How is glutamate converted to GABA?

Answer 19

GABA amino acid transferase and flutamic acid decarboxylase act on glutamate to produce GABA

Question 20

GABA full name

Answer 20

gamma-aminobutyric acid

Question 21

GAT

Answer 21

GABA transporter

Question 22

GABA in astrocytes

Answer 22

• GABA taken up by astrocyte by GAT-1,2, or 3
• GABA converted to glutamate, then glutamine
• glutamine transported out of astrocyte and into nerve terminal

Question 23

glutamate is an _____; example?

Answer 23

excitotoxin; MSG kills neurons in arcuate nucleus

Question 24

Name and number of metabotropic glutamate receptors:

Answer 24

• mGluR1-8

- 8 subtypes

Question 25

How are ionotropic glutamate receptors named?

Answer 25

after the selective agonsits

Question 26

The ionotropic glutamate receptors and their selective agonists

Answer 26

AMPA- amino-propanoic acid
Kainate- kainic acid
NMDA- N-methyl-D-aspartate

Question 27

All ionotropic glutamate receptors conduct _____ ions into the cell

Answer 27

Na+

Question 28

NMDA receptors conduct ____ and ____ into the cell

Answer 28

Ca2+ and Na+

Question 29

NMDA receptor properties

Answer 29

• glycine/serine and glutamate must bind to activate glutamate receptors
• thus 2 different neurotransmitters are required to activate
• contains a Mg2+ binding site

Question 30

Glycine/Serine are ____ with gluatmate at NMDA receptors

Answer 30

co-agonists

Question 31

Mg2+ binding site at resting membrane potential:

Answer 31

occupied, thus blocking the channel

Question 32

Mg2+ binding site at depolarized potential:

Answer 32

unoccupied, thus the channel is unblocked

Question 33

glutamate occupies NMDA receptor + insufficient membrane potential =

Answer 33

Mg2+ block remains

Question 34

glutamate occupies NMDA receptor + suffucient membrane depolarization =

Answer 34

Mg2+ block released

Question 35

PCP, ketamine and dextromorphan block the glutamate receptor at ____

Answer 35

a site other than the glutamate binding site

Question 36

PCP blocks NMDA receptor ____

Answer 36

below the Mg2+ block