Hallucinogens Flashcards
What are the 7 hallucinogenic drugs?
- mescaline
- psilocybin
- dimethyltryptamine/5-methoxy-dimethyltryptamine
- LSD
- salcinorin A
- PCP
- ketamine
Effects of hallucinogenic drugs
- proudce unusual perceptual & cognitive distortions
- produce these effects without producing a state of toxic delirium
source of mesaceline
found in cactus, like peyote, in the US southwest and northern Mexico
mescal button/peyote button
crown of cactus is cut off and dried
psilocybin source
- certain mushrooms produce alkaloids with hallucinogenic properties
- dried mushrooms are eaten raw or cooked or made into tea
psychoactive agent in psilocybin
psyilocygin is converted to psilocin, which is the actual psycoactive agent
Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert
Harvard professors experimented with psilocybin and LSD and helped popularize these drugs
ayahuasca
a drink made from plants containing dimethyltryptamine or 5-methoxy-dimethyltryptamine
DMT full name
dimethyltryptamine
5-MeO-DMTfull name
5-methoxy-dimethyltyrptamine
US form of DMT
sold in powdered form and smoked
orally active synthetic DMT analogs
- alphamethyltryptamine (AMT)
- 5-methoxy-diisopropyltryptamine (foxy methoxy, foxy)
LSD full name
lysergic acid diethylamide
source of LSD
-synthesized from ergot, a parasitic fungus on rye
functional uses of ergot
- produces powerful contractions of the uterus
- reduce post-birth uterine hemorrhage
psycholytic therapy
low dose LSD; drug induced psycholysis (psychic loosening/opening)
psychedelic therapy
high dose LSD in hopes of gaining insight into one’s problems
The CIA investigated LSD as a potential
psychological weapon
LSD production for illicit use
- droplets containing single-dose units of LSD dissolved in water are applied to a sheet of paper and dried
- paper is divided into individual tabs
Where does Salvinorin A come from?
- a member of the mint family
- native to Mexico
- historically used in religous rituals by shamans
How is Salvinorin A taken? Why?
- leaves are chewed or extracts re made
- absorbed through the mouth or smoked
- inactivated by the GI tract
Potency range of hallucinogens
LSD (most potent) to mesacline (least potent)
How long after ingestion do the effects of hallucinogens generally begin?
30-90min after ingestion
How long to the effects of LSD last?
6 - 12hrs
Time span of effects of DMT and Salvia
- felt within a few seconds
- peak over few minutes
- gone within an hour
What are the serotonin-like (indoleamine) hallucinogens?
LSD, psilocybin, psilocin, DMT and 5-MeO-DMT
What are the catecholamine-like (phenethylamine) hallucinogens?
mescaline, TMA and DOM
What drug is known as a neoclerodane diterpene?
salvinorin A
Which serotonin receptors play a centrol role in halluctinations?
5-HT-2A and 5-HT-2C
Where is there a high density of 5-HT-2A and 5-HT-2C receptors?
PFC and anterior cingulate cortex
How many 5-HT receptor types are there? Subtypes?
7 types, 14 subtypes
All 5-HT receptors are _____, except for ____
metabotropic; 5-HT-3 (its ionotropic)
disruption of pyramidal neurons and hallucinogens
- pyramidal cells in layer V are directly stimulated by activation of 5-HT2A receptors and also by glutamate released from other neurons
- this activation disrupts the function of glutamateric networks in the PFC
- interferes with filtering of sensory info resulting in over-excitation
What drug is a k-opoid receptor agonist?
salvinorin A
What contributes to the lack of abuse potential in hallucinogenic drugs?
- no withdrawal symptoms
- not effective reinforcers
When can dependence to halluinogens occur?
if the individual is exposed to the drugs at an early age
Why do hallucinogens produce a rapid tolerance with repated use?
down-regulation of 5-HT-2A receptors occurs
pharmacodynamic tolerance
tolerance to the behavioral effects of the drug
bad trip
injestion of hallucinogen induced acute anxiety or panic; related to current emotional state and external environment
flashbacks
re-experiencing hallucinations after drug use has stopped
hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
when flashbacks from hallucinogen use are persisent
psychotic reaction
involves individuals who had already been diagnosed with a psychotic disorder or who had pre-symptomatic symptoms before drug used
