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Psychopharm Exam 2 > Caffiene > Flashcards

Caffiene Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of xanithine stimulants

A

caffiene, theophylline, theobromine

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2
Q

What is a methylxanthine?

A

a xanthine stimulant

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3
Q

Where does coffee come from?

A

the coffea arabica bush

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4
Q

tea

A
  • camellia sinesis bush

- caffeiene and theophylline

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5
Q

coca

A
  • theobroma cacao tree

- caffiene and theobromine

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6
Q

use of xanthine as an insectiside

A

comsumption of xanthine causes increased levels of octopamine

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7
Q

octopamine

A

an excitatory transmitter in the insect nervous system

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8
Q

What is caffiene an additive in?

A
  • cola beverages
  • over-the-counter painkillers
  • cold remedies
  • simulants
  • energy drinks
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9
Q

primary form of administration for caffiene

A

oral

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10
Q

caffiene is primarily absorbed from the _____

A

intestine

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11
Q

At what dose do signs of toxicity appear?

A

1 gram (5 cups of coffee at 200mg/cup)

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12
Q

roues of administration for medicinal use of caffiene

A

suppository, injection, inhalation

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13
Q

At what dose is caffiene toxic?

A

greater than 10 grams (50 cups of coffee)

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14
Q

Time frame for peak blood levels of caffiene

A

30-60min

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15
Q

Maximal CNS effects occur in ____ hours

A

2 hours

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16
Q

Caffeine blood levels peak in _____ for cola beverages

A

1-2 hours

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17
Q

Why does it take longer for caffiene levels to peak when its from cola?

A
  • the pH of soda (3.0) is less than coffee (5.0)

- the sugar is absorbed first, before caffiene

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18
Q

Half-life of caffiene

A

generally 3-5hrs, but there is much between-subject variability (genetic variation)

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19
Q

What organ metabolizes caffiene?

A

liver

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20
Q

What decreases the rate of elimination of caffiene?

A
  • oral contraceptives

- pregnancy

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21
Q

What increases caffiene’s rate of elimination?

A

cigarette smoking

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22
Q

newborns & caffiene elimination

A
  • excrete 85% of caffiene unchanged in urine
  • caffiene has half-life of 4 days
  • adult metabolism isnt developed until 7-9 months
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23
Q

What is theophylline used to treat in infants?

A

apnea

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24
Q

effects of caffiene on smooth muscle

A

-relaxation of involuntary muscles

25
Q

What does caffiene do to bronchia?

A

relaxes them, a treatment for asthma

26
Q

effects of caffiene on striated muscle

A

stimulation

27
Q

What does muscle stimulation mean?

A

strengthen muscle contraction & reduce muscle fatigue

28
Q

cardiovascular effects of caffiene

A
  • constricts blood vessels in brain (headache treatment)

- dialates vessels in muscle

29
Q

diuretic

A

increases production of urine

30
Q

low doses of caffiene

A
  • decreases drowsiness & fatigue

- more rapid and clearer flow of thought

31
Q

moderate doses of caffiene

A
  • nervousness, anxiety
  • restlesness
  • tremors
  • insomnia
32
Q

caffiene induced insomnia

A

increases the length of time to fall asleep, but does not alter normal sleep stages

33
Q

high doses of caffiene

A
  • convulsions

- increase rate & depth of breathing

34
Q

What receptor does caffiene antagonize?

A

adenosine receptors

35
Q

neuromodulator

A

adenosine; it acts in a more diffuse fashion than typical neurotransmitters

36
Q

adenosines actions in the nervous system

A

down-regulates the activity of neurons

37
Q

How is adenosine inactivated?

A

by uptake (into neurons &glia) and degredation

38
Q

What can be produced from ATP? Where?

A

adenosine; pre-synaptically, post-synpaptically and in the extracellular space

39
Q

Adenosine is part of what compund in every cell?

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

40
Q

ATP can also act as a _____ and is stored in _____

A

neurotransmitter, vesicles

41
Q

What are the adenosine receptor subtypes?

A

A1, A2A, A2B and A3

42
Q

purpose of receptor subtypes

A

provides a mechanism by which one neurotransmitter can produce a range of effects

43
Q

Besides the existence of receptor subtypes, what else proivdes diversity in signaling?

A

differential distriubtion of receptor subtypes in different areas of the brain

44
Q

Are adenosine receptors ionotropic or metabotropic?

A

metabotropic

45
Q

A1 and A3 are linked to _____

A

inhibitory G proteins (Gi)

46
Q

A2’s are linked to

A

stimulatory G proteins (Gs)

47
Q

Effects of adenosine at A2 receptors

A
  1. Adenosine (first messenger) binds to A2 receptor
  2. A2 receptor activates Gs protein
  3. Gs protein excties the enzyme adenylate cyclase
  4. Excitation of adenylate cyclase promotes converstion of ATP to cAMP
  5. cAMP (second messenger) excites protein kinase
  6. protein kinase opens Ca channel located in the membrane adjacent to A2 receptor
  7. Ca2+ enters the cell
48
Q

effects of adenosine on A1/A3 receptors

A
  1. adenosine (first messenger) binds to A1/A3
  2. A1/A3 receptor activates Gi protein
  3. Gi protein inhibits adenylate cyclase
  4. Prevents conversion of ATP to cAMP, cAMP activating kinase, kinase opening Ca channel and Ca from entering the cell
49
Q

Where are many A1 receptors located?

A

presynaptic terminal

50
Q

Adenosine acts at _____ receptors to inhibit ____ and decrease the release of _____

A

presynaptic A1 receptors; Ca2+ influx; dopamine, norepinephrine & acetylcholine

51
Q

effects of adenosine on postganglionic NE neurons of synmpathetic nervous system

A

decreases release of NE, decreases heart rate and respiration

52
Q

effects of adenosine of mesoaccubens & nigrostriatal DA neurons

A

decreases DA release, decreases reinforcement and motor activity

53
Q

effects of adenosine on NE and ACh in cortex

A

decreases the release of NE & ACh, decreases alterness

54
Q

caffiene on sympathetic NE neurons

A

increases release of NE, increaes heart rate and alertness

55
Q

caffiene on mesoaccumbens & nigrostriatal DA neurons

A

increases DA release, increases reinforcement and motor activity

56
Q

caffiene on NE and ACh in cortex

A

increases release of NE and ACh, increasesarousal and alterness

57
Q

Other effects of caffiene:

A
  • inhibits action of certain enzymes
  • blocks GABAa receptors
  • promotes CA2+ release
58
Q

Do A2A and A2B receptors have the same sensitivity to adenosine?

A

No

Psychopharm Exam 2 (5 decks)

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