Keeping a Safe Navigational Watch Flashcards
Rule 2a
RESPONSIBILITY
Nothing in these rules shall exonerate any vessel, or the owner, master, or crew thereof, from the consequences of any neglect to comply with these rules or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case.
Rule 2b
RESPONSIBILITY
In construing and complying with these Rules, due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation and collision and to any special circumstances, including the limitations of the vessels involved, WHICH MAY MAKE A DEPARTURE FROM THESE RULES NECESSARY TO AVOID IMMEDIATE DANGER.
Part B of the Collision regulations are split up into 3 sections, what are they?
- Section I : Conduct of vessels in any condition of visibility (4-10)
- Section II : Conduct of vessels in sight of one another (11-18)
- Section III : Conduct of vessels in restricted visibility (19)
Rule 5
LOOK-OUT
Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by SIGHT and HEARING as well as by ALL AVAILABLE MEANS appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and conditions so as to make a full appraisal of the situation and of the risk of collision.
Rule 6
SAFE SPEED
Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions.
Rule 6 (a) In determining safe speed the following factors shall be among those taken into account :
- The state of VISIBILITY.
- The traffic DENSITY including concentrations of fishing vessels or any other vessels.
- The MANOEUVRABILITY of the vessel with special reference to stopping distance and turning ability in the prevailing conditions.
- At night the presence of background LIGHT such as from shore lights or from back scatter from her own lights.
- The state of WIND, sea and current and the proximity of navigational hazards.
- The DRAFT in relation to he available depth of water.
Rule 6 (b) Additionally, by vessels with operational radar :
- The CHARACTERISTICS, efficiency and limitations of the radar equipment.
- Any CONSTRAINTS imposed by the radar range scale in use.
- The EFFECT on radar detection of the sea state, weather and other sources of interference.
- The POSSIBILITY that small vessels, ice and other floating objects may not be detected by radar at an adequate range.
- The NUMBER, location and movement of vessels detected by radar.
- The MORE exact assessment of the visibility that may be possible when radar is used to determine the range of vessels or other objects in the vicinity.
Rule 7
RISK OF COLLISION
(a) Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions to determine if risk of collision exists. If there is any DOUBT such risk shall be deemed to exist.
(b) Proper use shall be made of RADAR equipment if fitted and operational, including long-range scanning to obtain early warning of risk of collision and radar plotting or equivalent systematic observations of detected objects.
(c) Assumptions shall not be made on the basis of SCANTY information, especially scanty radar information.
(d) In determining if risk of collision exists the following CONSIDERATIONS shall be among those taken into account:
(i) such risk shall be deemed to exist it the COMPASS BEARING of an approaching vessel does not appreciably change;
(ii) such risk may sometimes exist even when an appreciable bearing change is evident, particularly when approaching a very large vessel or a tow or when approaching a vessel at close range.
Rule 8
ACTION TO AVOID COLLISION
(a) Any action taken to avoid collision shall be taken in accordance with the Rules of this Part and shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be POSITIVE, made in AMPLE TIME and with due regard to the observance of good SEAMANSHIP.
(b) Any alteration of course and/or speed to avoid collision shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be LARGE enough to be READILY APPARENT to another vessel observing visually or by radar; a succession of SMALL alterations of course and/or speed should be AVOIDED.
(c) If there is sufficient sea-room, alteration of COURSE alone may be the most EFFECTIVE action to avoid a close-quarters situation provided that it is made in good time, is substantial and does not result in another close-quarters situation.
(d) Action taken to avoid a collision with another vessel shall be such as to result in passing at a SAFE DISTANCE. The effectiveness of the action shall be carefully checked until the other vessel is finally PAST and CLEAR.
(e) If necessary to avoid collision or allow more time to assess the situation, a vessel shall slacken her SPEED or take all way off by stopping or reversing her means of propulsion.
(f)
(i) A vessel which, by any of these Rules, is required not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel shall, when required by the circumstances of the case, take EARLY action to allow sufficient sea-room for the safe passage of the other vessel.
(ii) A vessel required not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel is not relieved of this obligation if approaching the other vessel so as to involve risk of collision and shall, when taking action, have FULL REGARD to the action which may be required by the Rules of this Part.
(iii) A vessel, the passage of which is not to be impeded remains FULLY OBLIGED to comply with the Rules of this part when the two vessels are approaching one another so as to involve risk of collision.
Rule 9
NARROW CHANNELS
(a) A vessel proceeding along the course of a narrow channel or fairway shall keep as near to the OUTER LIMIT or the channel or fairway which lies on her STARBOARD side as is safe and practicable.
(b) A vessel of LESS THAN 20 m in length or a SAILING vessel shall not impede the passage of a vessel which can safely navigate ONLY within a narrow channel or fairway.
(c) A vessel engaged in FISHING shall not impede the passage of ANY other vessel navigating within a narrow channel or fairway.
(d) A vessel shall not CROSS a narrow channel of fairway if such crossing impedes the passage of a vessel which can safely navigate ONLY within such channel or fairway. The latter vessel may use the sound signal prescribed in Rule 34 (d) if in doubt as to the intention of the crossing vessel.
(e)
(i) In a narrow channel or fairway when OVERTAKING can only take place if the vessel to be overtaken HAS TO TAKE ACTION to permit safe passing, the vessel intending to overtake shall indicate her intention by sounding the appropriate SIGNAL prescribed in Rule 34 (c)(i). The vessel to be overtaken shall, if in agreement, sound the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34 (c)(ii) and take steps to permit safe passing. If in doubt she may sound the signals prescribed in Rule 34 (d).
(ii) This rule does not relieve the overtaking vessel of her obligation under rule 13.
(f) A vessel nearing a BEND or an area of narrow channel or fairway where other vessels may be obscured by an intervening obstruction shall navigate with particular ALERTNESS and CAUTION and shall sound the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34 (e).
(g) Any vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid ANCHORING in a narrow channel.
Rule 10
TRAFFIC SEPARATION SCHEMES
(a) This Rule applies to traffic separation schemes adopted by the Organisation and DOES NOT RELIEVE any vessel of her obligation under any other Rule.
(b) A vessel using a traffic separation scheme shall:
(i) proceed in the appropriate traffic lane in the general DIRECTION of traffic flow for that lane;
(ii) so far as practicable keep clear of a traffic SEPARATION LINE or SEPARATION ZONE;
(iii) normally join or leave a traffic lane at the TERMINATION of the lane, but when joining or leaving from either side shall do so at as SMALL an ANGLE to the general direction of traffic flow as practicable.
(c) A vessel shall, so far as practicable, AVOID CROSSING traffic lanes but if obliged to do so shall cross on a heading as nearly as practicable at RIGHT ANGLES to the general direction of traffic flow.
(d)
(i) A vessel shall not use an INSHORE TRAFFIC ZONES when she can safely use the appropriate traffic lane within the adjacent traffic separation scheme. However, vessels of LESS THAN 20 m in length, SAILING vessels and vessels engaged in FISHING may use the inshore traffic zones.
(ii) NOTWITHSTANDING subparagraph (d)(i), a vessel may use an inshore traffic zone when en route to or from a PORT, OFFSHORE INSTALLATION or structure, PILOT STATION or any other place situated within the inshore traffic zone, or to AVOID IMMEDIATE DANGER.
(e) A vessel other than a CROSSING vessel or a vessel JOINING or LEAVING a lane shall not normally enter a SEPARATION ZONE or cross a SEPARATION LINE except:
(i) in cases of EMERGENCY to avoid immediate danger;
(ii) to engage in FISHING within a separation zone.
(f) A vessel navigating in areas near the TERMINATIONS of traffic separation schemes shall do so with PARTICULAR CAUTION.
(g) A vessel shall so far as practicable avoid ANCHORING in a traffic separation scheme or in areas near its terminations.
(h) A vessel not using a traffic separation scheme shall AVOID it by as wide a margin as is practicable.
(i) A vessel engaged in FISHING shall not impede the passage of any vessel following a traffic lane.
(j) A vessel of LESS THAN 20 m in length or a SAILING vessel shall not impede the safe passage of a POWER-DRIVEN vessel following a traffic lane.
(k) A vessel RESTRICTED in her ABILITY to MANOEUVRE when engaged in an operation for the maintenance of SAFETY of NAVIGATION in a traffic separation scheme is EXEMPTED from complying with this Rule to the extent necessary to carry out the operation.
(l) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre when engaged in an operation for the LAYING, SERVICING or PICKING up of a SUBMARINE CABLE, within a traffic separation scheme, is EXEMPTED from complying with this Rule to the extent necessary to carry out the operation.
Rule 12
SAILING VESSELS
(a) when two sailing vessels are approaching one another, so as to involve risk of
collision, one of them shall keep out of the way of the other as follows:
(i) when each of them has the wind on a DIFFERENT side, the vessel which has the
wind on the PORT side shall keep out of the way of the other;
(ii) When both have the wind on the SAME side, the vessel which is to WINDWARD
shall keep out of the way of the vessel which is to LEEWARD;
(iii) if the vessel with the wind on the PORT side sees a vessel to WINDWARD and
cannot determine with CERTAINTY whether the other vessel has the wind on the port
or the starboard side, she shall keep out of the way of the other.
(b) For the purposes of this Rule the WINDWARD side shall be deemed to be the side
opposite that on which the MAINSAIL is carried or, in the case of a square rigged vessel, the
side OPPOSITE to that on which the largest fore-and-aft sail is carried.
Rule 13
OVERTAKING
(a) NOTWITHSTANDING anything contained in the Rules of Part B, Sections I and II, any
vessel OVERTAKING any other SHALL keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken.
(b) A vessel shall be deemed to be overtaking when coming up with a another vessel
from a direction MORE than 22.5 DEGREES abaft her beam, that is, in such a position with
reference to the vessel she is overtaking, that at night she would be able to see only the
STERNLIGHT of that vessel but neither of her sidelights.
(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether she is overtaking another, she shall
ASSUME that this is the case and act accordingly.
(d) Any subsequent alteration of the bearing between the two vessels shall not make the
overtaking vessel a CROSSING vessel within the meaning of these Rules or relieve her of the
duty of keeping clear of the overtaken vessel until she is finally past and clear.
Rule 14
HEAD-ON SITUATION
(a) When two power-driven vessels are meeting on RECIPROCAL or nearly reciprocal courses
so as to involve risk of collision each shall alter her course to STARBOARD so that each shall
pass on the port side of the other.
(b) Such a situation shall be deemed to exist when a vessel sees the other AHEAD or nearly
ahead and by night she could see the masthead lights IN LINE or nearly in line and/or BOTH
sidelights and by day she observes the corresponding aspect of the other vessel.
(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether such a situation exists she shall ASSUME
that it does exist and act accordingly.
Rule 15
CROSSING SITUATION
When two power-driven vessels are crossing so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel
which has the other on her OWN STARBOARD side shall keep out of the way and shall, if the
circumstances of the case admit, AVOID crossing AHEAD of the other vessel.
Rule 16
ACTION BY GIVE-WAY VESSEL
Every vessel which is directed to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, so far as
possible, take EARLY and SUBSTANTIAL action to keep WELL CLEAR.
Rule 17
ACTION BY STAND-ON VESSEL
(a) (i) Where one of two vessels is to keep out of the way of the other shall keep her
COURSE and SPEED.
(ii) The latter vessel may however take ACTION to avoid collision by her manoeuvre
alone, as soon as it becomes apparent to her that the vessel required to keep out of
the way is not taking appropriate action in accordance with these Rules.
(b) When, from any cause, the vessel required to keep her course and speed finds herself
so close that collision cannot be avoided by the action of the give-way vessel alone, she
shall TAKE such ACTION as will best aid to avoid collision.
(c) A power-driven vessel which takes action in a crossing situation in accordance with
subparagraph (a)(ii) of this Rule to avoid collision with another power-driven vessel
shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, NOT ALTER COURSE to PORT for a vessel on her
OWN PORT side.
(d) This Rule does NOT relieve the give-way vessel of her obligation to keep out of the
way.
Rule 18
RESPONSIBILITIES BETWEEN VESSELS
EXCEPT where rule 9, 10, and 13 otherwise require:
(a) A POWER DRIVEN vessel underway shall keep out of the way of:
- (i) a vessel NOT UNDER COMMAND;
- (ii)a vessel RESTRICTED IN HER ABILITY TO MANOEUVRE;
- (iii)a vessel engaged in FISHING;
- (iv)a SAILING vessel;
(b) A SAILING vessel under way shall keep out of the way of:
- (i) a vessel NOT UNDER COMMAND;
- (ii) a vessel RESTRICTED IN HER ABILITY TO MANOEUVRE;
- (iii) a vessel engaged in FISHING;
(c) A vessel engaged in FISHING when underway shall, as far as possible, keep out of the
way of:
- (i) a NOT UNDER COMMAND;
- (ii) a vessel RESTRICTED IN HER ABILITY TO MANOEUVRE.
(d)
- (i) Any vessel other than a vessel NOT UNDER COMMAND or a vessel RESTRICTED IN HER ABILITY TO MANOEUVRE shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid impeding
the safe passage of a vessel CONSTRAINED BY HER DRAFT, exhibiting the signals in Rule
28.
- (ii) A vessel constrained by her draft shall navigate with particular caution having
full regard to her special condition.
(e) A SEAPLANE on the water shall, in general, keep well clear of ALL vessels and avoid
impeding their navigation. In circumstances, however, where risk of collision exists, she
shall comply with the Rules of this Part.
(f)
- (i) A WIG craft shall, when taking off, landing and in flight near the surface, keep
WELL CLEAR of all other vessels and avoid impeding their navigation;
- (ii) a WIG craft operating on the water surface shall comply with the Rules of this
Part as a power-driven vessel.
Rule 19
CONDUCT OF VESSELS IN RESTRICTED VISIBILITY
(a) This rule applies to vessels NOT in SIGHT of one another when navigating in or near an
area of restricted visibility.
(b) Every vessel shall proceed at a SAFE SPEED adapted to the prevailing circumstances and
condition of restricted visibility. A power-driven vessel shall have her ENGINES ready for
IMMEDIATE MANOEUVRE.
(c) Every vessel shall have DUE REGARD to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of
restricted visibility when complying with the Rules of Section I of this Part.
(d) A vessel which detects by RADAR ALONE the presence of another vessel shall determine
if a close-quarters situation is developing and/or risk of collision exists. If so, she shall
take avoiding action in AMPLE TIME, provided that when such action consists of an
alteration in course, so far as possible the following shall be AVOIDED:
- (i) An alteration of course to PORT for a vessel FORWARD of the beam, other than for
a vessel being OVERTAKEN;
- (ii) An alteration of course TOWARD a vessel ABEAM or ABAFT the beam.
(e) Except where it has been determined that a risk of collision does not exist, every
vessel which hears APPARENTLY FORWARD of her beam the FOG SIGNAL of another vessel, or
which cannot avoid a close-quarters situation with another vessel FORWARD of her beam,
shall REDUCE her SPEED to be the MINIMUM at which she can be kept on her COURSE. She
shall if necessary take ALL HER WAY OFF and in any event navigate with extreme CAUTION
until danger of collision is over.
List 7 responsibilities of an OOW with regards to maintaining a proper look-out.
- Make a full appraisal of the RISK OF COLLISION with other vessels;
- Identify NAVIGATIONAL HAZARDS such as wrecks, floating objects, ice and uncharted
hazards; - Determine the risk of GROUNDING or stranding;
- Detect and respond as appropriate to any significant change in the WEATHER,
VISIBILITY or SEA STATE; - Identify AIDS to navigation, including buoys and lights;
- Respond to persons, ships or aircraft in DISTRESS; and
- Identify threats to SECURITY, especially in areas with a known risk of piracy or
armed robbery.
What are the minimum hours of rest
- Minimum of 77 hours rest in any 7 day period;
- Minimum of 10 hours rest in any 24 hour period; and
- The 10 hour rest period should not be split into more than 2 periods, one of which
should be at least 6 consecutive hours, with the interval between periods being not
more than 14 hours.
During a watch handover, what information should be discussed and verified?
- The ship’s current POSITION and proximity to navigational HAZARDS;
- The intended TRACK (including any amendments to the passage plan), COURSE and
SPEED and ENGINE controls as appropriate; - Machinery status with particular reference to DEFECTS affecting manoeuvrability;
- STEERING MODE and equipment status with particular reference to defects affecting
manoeuvrability; - The operational condition and alarm status of all navigational and safety
EQUIPMENT being used or likely to be used during the watch; - COMPASS ERRORS;
- The TRAFFIC situation including vessel reporting requirements completed or due;
- WEATHER conditions, navigational and other hazards likely to be encountered
during the watch with reference to Maritime Safety Information (MSI) received; - Condition of DRAUGHT, heel/list and trim;
- Any shallow water effects, including SQUAT;
- Any WORK in progress such as crew working on deck, engine room maintenance
and cargo, ballasting or tank cleaning operations; and - Any special instructions, particularly amendments to BRIDGE ORDERS.
Under what circumstances should the master be called?
- On entering RESTRICTED VISIBILITY
- Concerns over TRAFFIC conditions
- Difficulty maintain COURSE
- FAILURE to sight land or navigational mark or to obtain a sounding
- UNEXPECTEDLY sighting land or navigational mark or unexpected sounding
- BREAKDOWNS of engines, steering or essential navigational equipment
- On encountering heavy WEATHER or a heavy weather forecast
- In an EMERGENCY
- Upon sighting another vessel or person in DISTRESS
- Upon sighting ICE or OIL
- When in any DOUBT
What actions should the OOW take when operating in or near an area of restricted visibility?
- Reduce to SAFE SPEED
- ENGINES to stand-by ready for manoeuvre
- STEERING to manual
- Call the MASTER
- FIX vessel’s position
- Sound FOG signals
- Turn on navigation LIGHTS
- Post extra LOOKOUTS
- Commence radar PLOTTING
- Close all W/T DOORS
- Stop all NOISY working on deck
On anchoring, the initial duties of an OOW should include?
- A FIX of the anchor position and the position of the ship at anchor;
- As appropriate, advising PORT AUTHORITIES of the anchored position;
- Determining the ship’s SWINGING circle;
- Selecting LANDMARKS and TRANSITS to monitor the ship’s position;
- Confirming that the appropriate STATUS is selected on AIS; and
- Ensuring appropriate LIGHTS and SHAPES are displayed (and in conditions of RESTRICTED
VISIBILITY, sound signals are commenced) in accordance with the COLREGS and any
local regulations.
While at anchor, what will the duties of the OOW include?
- Maintaining a proper lOOK-OUT;
- Regularly plotting the ship’s POSITION and monitoring SWINGING pattern;
- Identifying potential HAZARDS and RISKS of collision;
- Insuring inspection ROUNDS are carried out periodically;
- Maintaining vessel SECURITY and access control;
- Monitoring WEATHER conditions, TIDAL conditions and state of the SEA including updates to
forecast - Ensuring main ENGINES and other machinery are at a state of readiness appropriate to the
conditions in accordance with the Masters daily and Standing Orders; - Monitoring TRAFFIC and other ANCHORED vessels;
- Monitoring compliance with ENVIRONMENTAL protection requirements
What regular bridge logbook entries should be made during a coastal voyage?
- Compass and Gyro courses – Compass and True
- Compass Error – Variation and Deviation
- Course and Speed Alterations – Position and Time
- Log Readings – Speed and Distance Run
- Position – Latitude and Longitude
- Wind and Sea State – Direction and Speed
- Pressure and Air Temperature
