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BPS > Karius: Neurophysiology of Cognition > Flashcards

Karius: Neurophysiology of Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the functional components of cognition

A

-At a neuronal level, cognition is produced by extensive synaptic interactions produced by the pyramidal neurons of the neocortical association cortices

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2
Q

What is all included in cognition?

A
  • language
  • executive functioning
  • social cognition
  • Decision making
  • memory
  • Visuospatial processing
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3
Q

What does the final common pathway for speaking involve?

A

-Wernicke’s area, the arcuate fasciculus, Broca’s Area and the facial area of the motor cortex

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4
Q

What is the thing surrounding these areas?

A
  • the mediation system for language

- relays info to the language implementation system from the third system in language production

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5
Q

What is the conceptual system?

A
  • a broadly distributed set of structures that provides the concepts underlying our language
  • Ex: the noun mediation area that receives input from the ventral visual pathway provides us with the names of things
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6
Q

Is there different pathways for a second language learned during the language acquisition phase and after the language acquisition phase?

A
  • yes
  • for AFTER, it activates an adjacent region of Broca’s Area
  • for DURING, it uses the same pathway
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7
Q

What was that pathway of language acquisition again?

A

-Wernickes, arcuate fasciculus, Broca’s

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8
Q

What are the 3 language pathways?

A
  • conceptual: provides the concepts that underlie language
  • Mediational pathway: relays the concept to the …
  • Language implementation system: including broca’s and wernicke’s areas, identifies and allows us to speak or read the word in question
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9
Q

Describe language learning

A
  • in infants, several steps:
  • early infancy: all sounds recognized as sounds
  • 6-9 months, lose ability to recognize irrelevant phonemes
  • at about 1 y/o, this process is complete and “talking” begins
  • multiple languages learned in this period all co=locate to broca’s area
  • In adults, acquired languages map to neighboring regions
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10
Q

What are the 3 things involved with executive functioning?

A
  • forward planning
  • anticipation
  • reasoning
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11
Q

What are the 2 major areas of function that PFC does in higher functions of the brain?

A
  • Planning of complex motor actions

- carryingout of “thought” processes

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12
Q

What does the pfC interact with in the planning of complex motor actions?

A

-interacts with parieto-temporal-occipital association area and all levels of motor cortex

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13
Q

What does PFC interact with to carry out “thought processes”?

A
  • With hippocampus… working memory

- Judgement: with multiple areas (limbic in particular)

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14
Q

What are the 3 probably roles of PFC in integrating the inputs Step 2

A
  • reward processing: with amygdala, we link new stimulus to a primary reward
  • Integration of bodily signals: the “gut feeling”… decision when logical analysis is unable to help
  • top down regulation: especially towards delayed gratification
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15
Q

What 2 components are social cognition divided into?

A
  • emotion comprehension (recognition)

- theory of mind

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16
Q

are the neural circuits for recognizing emotion in others also involved in producing that emotion in ourselves?

A

-yes

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17
Q

What is step 1 in emotion comprehension?

A
  • perception of facial expressions requires that we identify a face as something special
  • Superior temporal sulcus and fusiform gyrus (fusiform face area)
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18
Q

What is step 2 in emotion comprehension?

A
  • bring in the emotional component

- remember that the same emotional circuitry that produces emotion in us recognizes it in someone else

19
Q

What face structures do we look at a lot to figure out the emotion of someone else?

A

-their eyes, nose, and mouth

20
Q

What controls the use of the eyes and directs the gaze to that triangle when looking at human faces?

A

-the amygdala

21
Q

So, if someone has damage to their amygdala, what will they be like?

A
  • they will spend very little time looking at the eyes of another
  • won’t methodically scan the face
22
Q

What are the mirror neurons?

A

-the neurons that fire when we smile or something and when we see someone else do that same action

23
Q

What does the anterior mirror neuron system do?

A

-identifies the goal of the action

24
Q

What does the posterior mirror neuron system do?

A

-identifies the motor action

25
Q

What does the posterior sector of the superior temporal sulcus do?

A

-provides the visual input

26
Q

What is the primary auditory cortex required for =?

A

the basics of sound processing, including identity of pitch, loudness, and other characteristics of the sound
-that is step 1 of the perception of prosody

27
Q

What is step 2 in the perception of prosody?

A

-info is sent to the right posterior superior temporal sulcus where, along with other acoustical information from secondary auditory processes, we begin to piece together the meaning of the loudness, pitch, etc…. of the vocalization

28
Q

What is step 3 in the perception of prosody?

A

-the judgment of the emotional stimulus is then determined in the frontal cortex

29
Q

What is Theory of mind?

A

-the ability to understand the mental states of others and to appreciate how these differ from our own

30
Q

What are the requirements for theory of mind?

A
  • core pathway: amygdala and connections to the medial temporal lobes and orbitofrontal areas
  • Accessory pathways: language (scaffold), executive functioning (frontal lobes)
31
Q

what do we use to recognize faces?

A
  • superior temporal sulcus

- fusiform gyrus

32
Q

What do we use to recognize emotions?

A
  • mirror neurons
  • amygdala: ID of facial expressions, directing gaze
  • prosody: primary auditory cortex, posterior superior temporal sulcus- meaning, frontal cortex- emotional content
33
Q

What does Theory of mind do?

A

-takes emotional cognition to a higher level, not just recognizing the emotion, but recognizing the beliefs that lead to that emotion and that different people have different beliefs

34
Q

What does Theory of mind require?

A
  • amygdala
  • medial temporal lobes
  • orbitofrontal regions
  • accessory paths: in very young, language as scaffold, executive functioning
35
Q

What doe sht anterior mirro neuronal system do?

A

-ID’s the purpose of the motion

36
Q

What does the posterior mirror neuronal syste do?

A

-ID’s the motion

37
Q

What does the posterior sector of the superior temporal sulcus do?

A

-provides the visual input that we work with

38
Q

Which system evaluates the evidence available in making the decision?

A

-the stimulus encoding system

39
Q

What is the stimulus encoding system composed of?

A
  • orbitofrontal cortex
  • ventromedial prefrontal cortex
  • striatum
40
Q

Which system learns and encodes the subjective value of the result… also involved in error detection?

A
  • An action selection system

- has the anterior cingulate cortex in it

41
Q

Which system predicts the expected reward?

A
  • the expected reward system:
  • basal ganglia
  • amygdala
  • insular cortex
  • intraparietal cortex
42
Q

what is the decision in which the risks are explicit relying most heavily on?

A

-stimulus encoding system

43
Q

What are the decisions in which the risks are unkown reliant on?

A

-the expected reward system and, eventually, on the action selection system..

44
Q

What are the 3 neural components for decision making?

A
  • stimulus encoding system: orbitofrontal cortex, ventromedial frontal, striatum… predicts the consequences of action
  • Expected reward system: amygdala, basal ganglia, insular cortex, intraparietal cortex… what are the rewards?
  • Action selection system: anterior cingulate cortex, learning from mistakes, encodes results

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