Karius: Learning and Memory: the Neural Substrate Flashcards

1
Q

Procedural memory

A
  • skills and habits that have been used so much they are automatic
  • anatomic substrates: cerebellum- motorskills, Nucleus accumbens- non motor
  • aka: implicit memory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Declarative memory

A
  • aka: explicit memory
  • the consicous recognition/recollection of learned facts and experiences
  • subdivided into 2 forms: episodic which is memory of events, and semantic which is memory of words, language, and rules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Working memory

A
  • you’ve learned it, now are retrieving it for use

- will look very much like short term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Declarative memory

A
  • this is events or facts stored in your memory

- like for the test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Procedural memory

A

-motor skill that are used so much that you “memorize” the motor sequence required to produce the action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Short term memory

A

-the fact that you crammed in 5 minutes before the test began

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Long term memory

A
  • the memories of your life so far

- involve changes in synapses, new synapses… etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is plasticityy

A
  • alteration in the CNS based on use
  • may be synaptic function that’s altered
  • may be changes in the physical structure of the neurons: more synapses, new branches to new cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 3 ways we can change the synaptic functioning?

A
  • post-tetanic potentiation
  • pre-synaptic facilitation
  • LTP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Post tetanic stimulation

A
  • Brief, high frequency discharge of presynaptic neuron
  • produces increased NT release
  • lasts about 60 second
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mechanism for PTS (post tetanic stimulation)

A

-the high level of stimulation allowed more calcium to enter to the terminal than could be “dealt” with

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

With pre synaptic facilitation, what does the pre synaptic terminal release?

A

-serotonin (5HT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the result of the binding of 5HT?

A

-activation of adenylyl cyclase and increased cAMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens to the K channels in Neuron A after 5HT binds?

A
  • they become P’ed
  • opening is delayed
  • this means that repolarization is delayed
  • this leads to greater NT release from Neuron A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is long term potentiation?

A
  • a series of changes in the pre and post synaptic neurons of a synapse which leads to increased response to the released neurotransmitter
  • must last HOURS after the stimulation
  • usually follows strong stimulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In regards to plasticity, what are the changes in the structure of the neurons that we talked about?

A
  • gain/loss of synapses
  • structual changes in dendrites
  • structural changes in the soma of the neuron
17
Q

What can learning and the formation of new memories be blocked by?

A

-protein synthesis

18
Q

What gene or protein is associated with chnages in synapse structure that are permanent?

A

-CREB

19
Q

What anatomical substrates do we use for short term memory?

A
  • hippocampus
  • parahippocampal cortex
  • PFC
20
Q

What is the physological substrate for short term memory?

A
  • LTP

- so LTP in those anatmical areas allows us to stroe information

21
Q

What structures are required for consolidating memory from short to long term?

A
  • hippocampus
  • temporal lobes
  • papez circuit
22
Q

What were the 4 things she had in that square with consolidating memory from short to long term?

A

-Hypothalamus
-Anterior thalamus
-Cingulate cortex
-Hippocampus
(this may be the papez circuit)

23
Q

Where in the brain is long term memory stored?

A

-depends on what kind of info it is…. like the visual info is stored in the visual cortex

24
Q

Consolidation in creating declarative memories

A
  • Requires continued activation of circuit
  • Anatomy: Papez circuit, temporal lobes, hippocamputs
  • Physiology: LTP as starting point, continued activation (Papez circuit), creates new synapses in required regions of the brain: visual, auditory…etc
25
Q

What is retrieval

A
  • recalling or using the memory
  • bringing it into working memory
  • can be modified/lost at this point
26
Q

What does long term memory reassembling require?

A
  • neocortex
  • parahippocampal regions
  • hippocampus
27
Q

Where is info related to each component of the memory sent to?

A

-the parahippocampal regions

28
Q

From the parahippocampal cortex, where do those components get sent to?

A

-the hippocampus, where the entire memory is “reconstructed”

29
Q

What happens after the memory is reconstructed?

A
  • info then travels back through the parahippocampus to the cortex
  • the parahippocampus is important in prolonging the life of the cortical “traace” of the memory
30
Q

With the learning objectives, what do we have to know about retieval?

A
  • Musta take the memory components from “storage area”
  • back to parahippocampal cortex
  • to hippocampus, which recunstructs the memory
  • to cortex via parahippocampal region (keeps the trace)
31
Q

What is the three component model of working memory composed of

A
  • central executive: PFC
  • phonological loop: Broca’s and Wernicke’s
  • visuospatial loop: occipital cortex associated with vision
32
Q

Unlike other long term memories, a detaile memory of space is stored where?

A
  • in the hippocampus!

- using special pyramidal cells in CA1 known as place cells

33
Q

Describe the working memory

A
  • central executive (PFC): directs/uses
  • Phonological loop (Broca and WErnicke area): provide/interpret the auditory info associated with the memory
  • Visuospatial loop (Occipital cortex, others) provide/interpret the visual info associated with the memory
34
Q

describe the spatial memory

A
  • special map in hipocampus codes for the physical space of the memory
  • place neurons in CA1 respond to specific locations within the space
  • this map is believed to anchor the entire memory