Karius: Learning and Memory: the Neural Substrate Flashcards
Procedural memory
- skills and habits that have been used so much they are automatic
- anatomic substrates: cerebellum- motorskills, Nucleus accumbens- non motor
- aka: implicit memory
Declarative memory
- aka: explicit memory
- the consicous recognition/recollection of learned facts and experiences
- subdivided into 2 forms: episodic which is memory of events, and semantic which is memory of words, language, and rules
Working memory
- you’ve learned it, now are retrieving it for use
- will look very much like short term memory
Declarative memory
- this is events or facts stored in your memory
- like for the test
Procedural memory
-motor skill that are used so much that you “memorize” the motor sequence required to produce the action
Short term memory
-the fact that you crammed in 5 minutes before the test began
Long term memory
- the memories of your life so far
- involve changes in synapses, new synapses… etc
What is plasticityy
- alteration in the CNS based on use
- may be synaptic function that’s altered
- may be changes in the physical structure of the neurons: more synapses, new branches to new cells
What are the 3 ways we can change the synaptic functioning?
- post-tetanic potentiation
- pre-synaptic facilitation
- LTP
Post tetanic stimulation
- Brief, high frequency discharge of presynaptic neuron
- produces increased NT release
- lasts about 60 second
Mechanism for PTS (post tetanic stimulation)
-the high level of stimulation allowed more calcium to enter to the terminal than could be “dealt” with
With pre synaptic facilitation, what does the pre synaptic terminal release?
-serotonin (5HT)
What is the result of the binding of 5HT?
-activation of adenylyl cyclase and increased cAMP
What happens to the K channels in Neuron A after 5HT binds?
- they become P’ed
- opening is delayed
- this means that repolarization is delayed
- this leads to greater NT release from Neuron A
What is long term potentiation?
- a series of changes in the pre and post synaptic neurons of a synapse which leads to increased response to the released neurotransmitter
- must last HOURS after the stimulation
- usually follows strong stimulation
In regards to plasticity, what are the changes in the structure of the neurons that we talked about?
- gain/loss of synapses
- structual changes in dendrites
- structural changes in the soma of the neuron
What can learning and the formation of new memories be blocked by?
-protein synthesis
What gene or protein is associated with chnages in synapse structure that are permanent?
-CREB
What anatomical substrates do we use for short term memory?
- hippocampus
- parahippocampal cortex
- PFC
What is the physological substrate for short term memory?
- LTP
- so LTP in those anatmical areas allows us to stroe information
What structures are required for consolidating memory from short to long term?
- hippocampus
- temporal lobes
- papez circuit
What were the 4 things she had in that square with consolidating memory from short to long term?
-Hypothalamus
-Anterior thalamus
-Cingulate cortex
-Hippocampus
(this may be the papez circuit)
Where in the brain is long term memory stored?
-depends on what kind of info it is…. like the visual info is stored in the visual cortex
Consolidation in creating declarative memories
- Requires continued activation of circuit
- Anatomy: Papez circuit, temporal lobes, hippocamputs
- Physiology: LTP as starting point, continued activation (Papez circuit), creates new synapses in required regions of the brain: visual, auditory…etc
What is retrieval
- recalling or using the memory
- bringing it into working memory
- can be modified/lost at this point
What does long term memory reassembling require?
- neocortex
- parahippocampal regions
- hippocampus
Where is info related to each component of the memory sent to?
-the parahippocampal regions
From the parahippocampal cortex, where do those components get sent to?
-the hippocampus, where the entire memory is “reconstructed”
What happens after the memory is reconstructed?
- info then travels back through the parahippocampus to the cortex
- the parahippocampus is important in prolonging the life of the cortical “traace” of the memory
With the learning objectives, what do we have to know about retieval?
- Musta take the memory components from “storage area”
- back to parahippocampal cortex
- to hippocampus, which recunstructs the memory
- to cortex via parahippocampal region (keeps the trace)
What is the three component model of working memory composed of
- central executive: PFC
- phonological loop: Broca’s and Wernicke’s
- visuospatial loop: occipital cortex associated with vision
Unlike other long term memories, a detaile memory of space is stored where?
- in the hippocampus!
- using special pyramidal cells in CA1 known as place cells
Describe the working memory
- central executive (PFC): directs/uses
- Phonological loop (Broca and WErnicke area): provide/interpret the auditory info associated with the memory
- Visuospatial loop (Occipital cortex, others) provide/interpret the visual info associated with the memory
describe the spatial memory
- special map in hipocampus codes for the physical space of the memory
- place neurons in CA1 respond to specific locations within the space
- this map is believed to anchor the entire memory
