Karius - Blood

Question 1

What makes G-CSF?

Answer 1

• Endothelium
• Macrophages
• Immune cells

Question 2

What stimulates EPO?

Answer 2

HIF - not destroyed in hypoxia

Question 3

What makes TPO?

Answer 3

• Liver

- Kidney

Question 4

How is TPO creation regulated?

Answer 4

Binds to platelet ‘mpl’ receptor, then gets destroyed

Question 5

How do RBCs get energy?

Answer 5

Anaerobic metabolism

Question 6

What is a reticulocyte?

Answer 6

Early RBC that has not lost all of its organelles yet

Question 7

What makes IF?

Answer 7

Parietal cells

Question 8

Vitamin B12 deficiency = ?

Answer 8

Pernicious anemia

Question 9

3 causes of folate deficiency

Answer 9

• Heat
• Alcohol (can’t get it from liver)
• Reduced absorption

Question 10

Describe heme production (3)

Answer 10

• Succinyl-CoA + Glycine = Pyrrole
• Pyrrole x 4 = Protoporphyrin IX
• Protoporphyrin IX + iron = Heme

Question 11

Fetal Hb structure

Answer 11

2 alpha, 2 gamma subunits

Question 12

HbS structure

Answer 12

Beta chains have Glu –> Val

Question 13

Describe absorption of iron

Answer 13

• Liver releases apotransferrin
• Iron + apotransferrin = transferrin
• Transferrin is absorbed

Question 14

Describe iron storage in liver

Answer 14

Iron + apoferritin = ferritin

Question 15

Excess iron is stored as what?

Answer 15

Hemosiderin

Question 16

Iron insufficiency = ____ anemia

Answer 16

Microcytic, hypochromic

Question 17

RBC uses for ATP (4)

Answer 17

• Flexibility of membrane
• ATPases
• Keep in +2 (ferrous) state
• Prevent oxidation

Question 18

Why is bilirubin conjugated?

Answer 18

To make it water soluble for the bile

Question 19

What happens to bilirubin after excreted into the intestine?

Answer 19

Deconjugated, turned intno urobilinigen –> urobilin and stercobilin

Question 20

B12/folate deficiency = __ anemia

Answer 20

Macrocytic/megaloblastic

Question 21

3 causes of polycythemia

Answer 21

• Mpl or other receptor anomaly
• Hypoxic environment
• False hypoxia via ht/lung failure

Question 22

What keeps platelets from binding to in-tact endothelium?

Answer 22

Glycoproteins - on the platelet surface

Question 23

Causes of vascular spasm (3)

Answer 23

• Myogenic response (damage)
• 5-HT, Tx2 from platelets/tissue
• Nociceptive reflex

Question 24

ADP and TxA2 in platelet plug

Answer 24

Trigger platelets to become sticky

Question 25

Extrinsic clotting pathway

Answer 25

TF + 7 –> Xa + Va –> PT

Question 26

Intrinsic clotting pathway

Answer 26

Damage + PF3 –> XIIa + kininogen –> XIa –> IXa + VIIIa –> Xa + Va –> PT

Question 27

Which clotting cascade pathway is faster?

Answer 27

Intrinsic

Question 28

How is a clot stabilized?

Answer 28

Fibrin strands polymerize via fibrin-stabilizing factor (platelets)

Question 29

How to dissolve a blood clot?

Answer 29

• Protein C + thrombomodulin = destroy tPA inhibitor
• tPA activates plasmin
• Plasmin cleaves the fibrin clot

Question 30

3 things that prevent normal clotting

Answer 30

• Smooth endothelium
• Glycocalyx on endothelium
• Thrombomodulin

Question 31

Blood anticoagulants (3)

Answer 31

• Fibrin (absorbs thrombin)
• AT3
• Heparin (via mast cells)

Question 32

Vitamin K needed for what factors?

Answer 32

PT, VII, IX, X, Protein C

Question 33

Hemophilia A

Answer 33

Factor VIII deficiency

Question 34

Factor V Leiden

Answer 34

Activated V is resistant to Protein C –> inappropriate clotting