Kaplan Glycolysis And Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

Question 1

What is the direct source of power that move the glucose up the gradient from the intestinal cells to the blood

Answer 1

The power of Na when it moves from the blood to the intestinal cells and the glucose do the opposite

Question 2

What is the normal glucose level in the blood

Answer 2

5mMol

70-110 mg/dl

Question 3

Is the insulin in solo responsible for removing the glucose from the blood

Answer 3

No it plays the major role but due to the insulin independently GLUT the glucose still get remived from the blood but in such a slow rate

Question 4

What is the Km glucose for the GLUT 1,2,3,4

Answer 4

GLUT1,3 1mM
GLUT 2 15mM
GLUT4 5mM

Question 5

What can stimuli the GLUT 4 in the muscles besides insulin

Answer 5

Exercise

Question 6

Where does the PFK-2 exsit

Answer 6

In the liver ONLY

Question 7

What is the important of the GLYCOLYSIS for the erythrocytes

Answer 7

1-only source of energy
2-the enzyme that convert the met Hp is called NADH met Hp reduces
And we get the NADH from the glycolysis pathway

Question 8

What does the pyruvate kinase enzyme deficiency cause

Answer 8

1-hemolytic anemia
2-increase 2,3bizphoglycerate (BPG)
3- no heinz bodies

Question 9

Why does RBCs convert the 1,3 bizphosphoglycerate to 2,3

Answer 9

Because it helps in giving the oxygen to the cells in the peripheral tissues

Question 10

Where is the glucokinase exist

Answer 10

In the liver and in the beta-cells

Question 11

What does the glucokinase and the GLUT4 function in the pancreas

Answer 11

As a glucose sensor

Question 12

What is the only oxidation reaction in the glycolysis

Answer 12

When we convert the G3P to 1,3BPG

Question 13

What is the product that prevent G6P dehydrogenase and where exist

Answer 13

It is arsenate and it exist in soils groundwater

Question 14

What is the substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 14

It is converting ADP to ATP anaerobicly

Question 15

When the cell will stop glycolysis if there is no mitochondria or oxygen

Answer 15

When all the NAD in converted to NADH

Question 16

Why the erythrocytes convert the 1,3BPG to 2,3BPG

Answer 16

Because 2,3BPG bind to the beta chains of the Hp and less its affinity to the O2 in the peripheral tissues to help in the O2 unload

Question 17

Why the increased BPG is dangerous in PK deficiency

Answer 17

Because the increased BPG with bind more to the beta chains of the hemoglobin which will effect its affinity in the lung too

Question 18

Why is the transfused bllod is lees efficient in delivering oxygen to the peripheral tissue

Answer 18

Because it lacks of 2,3BPG

Question 19

Why DHAP is important for the adipose tissue

Answer 19

Because it can be converted to glycerol phosphate which is used to store fatty acids as triglycerides

Question 20

What happens to the glycolysis rate in the high attitude

Answer 20

It will be increased

Question 21

What happens to the BPG count in the high attitude

Answer 21

It will be increased in12-24 H

Question 22

What is the first enzyme that works in the lactose metabolism

Answer 22

It is lactase

Question 23

What it the symptoms of lactase enzyme deficiency

Answer 23

After drinking milk or having dairy products :
Vomiting
Bloating
Cramps

Question 24

Which tissues the galactose Enter

Answer 24

Brain
Liver
And
Others

Question 25

What is the name of the enzyme that covert galactose to galactose 1 P

Answer 25

Galactosekinase

Question 26

What happens in the galactokinase enzyme deficiency

Answer 26

The galactose will accumulate in the blood (but not in the brain and the liver because we didn’t phosphoryled it yet so not trapped )
But it will cause cataracts in the lens because in the lens there is an enzyme called aldose reduces that covert galactose to galactitol which is important to make the lens viscous but in this case it is over and due that the galactitol is osmotic the water will start to accumulate in the lens in early life and
Galactosemia

Question 27

What is the enzyme that covert the galactose to galactitol 1 P and what is co-factor

Answer 27

It needs uridyl diphosphate -glucose as co-factor and the enzyme name is
Udridyl galactose 1 P transferase

Question 28

What happens in the deficiency of the uridyl galactose 1 P transferase

Answer 28

The galactose will accumulate in the brain and liver and cause
1- mental retardation
2-hyperbilirubinemia
3- vomiting and diarrhea after the lactase ingestion
4-lethargy خمول
5-galactosemia

Question 29

When you see a pt with cataracts you suspect

Answer 29

1- diabetes
2- galactokinase deficiency
2- uridyl galactose 1-P transferase

Question 30

The other name of the fructose kinase deficiency

Answer 30

Essential fructosuria

Question 31

What is the name of the enzyme that convert fructose 1P to DHAP glyceraldehyde

Answer 31

It is called aldolase B

Question 32

What is the name of the disease that has a aldolase B enzyme deficiency

Answer 32

Hereditary fructose intolerance

Question 33

What are the tissues that the fructose enter

Answer 33

The liver

Kidney

Question 34

What are the symptoms of the hereditary fructose intolerance

Answer 34

Vomiting 
diarrhea
Liver damage (hyperbilirubinemia )
Hypoglycemia 
Hyperuricemia
Renal Proximal tube defect(fanconi)

Question 35

The symptoms of the hereditary fructose intolerance starts in the infants at

Answer 35

After few weeks of weaning الفطام

Question 36

Which is better for quick source of energy the glucose or the fracture and why ?

Answer 36

The fructose rich meals because fructose will be broke down to DHAP and glyceraldehyde are down stream the PFK-1 which is the most regulated enzyme in the glycolysis