Kaplan FL1 Flashcards
what does a retrovirus do with RNA
A retrovirus is a virus that uses RNA as its genomic material. Upon infection with a retrovirus, a cell converts the retroviral RNA into DNA, which in turn is inserted into the DNA of the host cell. The cell then produces more retroviruses, which infect other cells.
muscle contraction depends on
release of calcium not sodium from sarcoplasmic reticulum
role of espophagus
transport
not huge role in absorption of nutrients
autonomic vs volunary control in digestive system
swallowing - voluntary
contraction of 2/3 bottom esophagus and remainder of canal - autonomic
upon contraction of muscle cells in esophagus what happens?
esophagus longitudinal layer shortens
conversion between glucose and galactose is what process?
epimerization
what decreases membraine fluidity
- saturated fatty acids (single) have no large kinds, pack tightly and decreaase fluidity
- ## many lipid rafts (microdomans of cholsterol and sphingolipids)
what increases membrane fluidity
- unsaturated fatty acids (double) increases fluidity as the kinds in the fatty acid taisl push them farther apart
- decreasing lipid rafs
how do phosphatidylcholines affect membrane fluidity
not really affect
if a PPP makes NADP which reduces gluthaion disulfide and protects RBCs from ROS, then a deficiency in NADPH would result in
increased oxidation
damage to RBCs
depolarization vs repolarizationv vs hyperpolarization of neuron
depolarization - less neg charge, increases mem pot from -70 to -55 (threshold / AP level) as Na_ move in
Na+ channels close, K+ channels open
repolarization - more ng charge, decreases mem potential as K+ moves in
hyperpolarization - when repolarization makes cell membrane more neg than resting mem potential
hypopolarization
initial increase in mem pot with influx of Na+ prior to hitting threshold
NOT hyperpolarization (peroid of repolarization below resting potential)
convert C to K
c + 273 = deg K
osmotic pressure
opiod receptors are what kind of receptors made in the
transmembrane protein receptors
made in ER
proteins that will be secreted by cell or targeted to membrane such as plasma membrane are made by ribosomes attached to R
(while many others are made by ribosome in cytoplasm)
what does a V276I substitution mean?
it means V –> I
valine –> isoleucine at position 276
what amino acid substitutions are least likely to impact protein function?
substituiting within same group
same polarity
same size
What happens at the 1 cell stage of development
Cell divides into 2 totipotent cells
Which could be a separate organism each and are undifferentiated until 16 cell stage
What happens at the 16 cell stage of development
Cells form the morula and begin to differentiate
What happens after the morula stage?
Blastulation is the hollowing of the morula which differentiates into the inner cell mass giving rise to the organism and the trophoblast which becomes the extra embryonic tissue like the placenta
What happens after blastulation?
The blastula divides into 3 germ layers for gastrulation: mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm
A patient diagnosed with stenosis of the mitral valve would experience the greatest increase in blood pressure in his:
The mitral valve sits between the left atrium and the left ventricle, preventing backflow of blood into the left atrium. Since, with stenosis, the size of the opening for the valve is decreased, there will be less blood pumped through that valve. In the case of this individual, that means that blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle will be impeded, resulting in increased blood volume, and therefore increased blood pressure, in the left atrium
valves of the heart
tricuspid - between right atrium and right ventricle
mitral - between left atrium and left ventricle
aortic - between left ventricle and aorta
pulmonary - between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
what is stenosis?
Stenosis (or narrowing of the valve). When the valve(s) opening becomes narrowed, it limits the flow of blood out of the ventricles or atria. The heart is forced to pump blood with increased force to move blood through the narrowed or stiff (stenotic) valve(s).
ways that bacteria regulate gene expression
- DNA methylation
- cytoplasmic receptors
- plasma membrane receptors
- histone methylation
True: DNA methylation
- cytoplasmic receptors
- plasma membrane receptors
- histone methylation
FALSE: histone methylation – no histones in bacteria
hypermethylation is associated with
gene inactivation
if a condition is inherited sporadically whats the gene expression of the parents
they would have normal expression
