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My MCAT BIO > HYS- CH5.1,5.2 - Endocrine System - ADD MORE > Flashcards

HYS- CH5.1,5.2 - Endocrine System - ADD MORE Flashcards

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1
Q

endocrine means

A

to secrete into (hormones)

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2
Q

pancreas history

A

removing pancreas of dog causes same symtoms of diabetes

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3
Q

hormone derivation

A
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4
Q

peptide hormones

A

side chains are polar or charged, hydrophillic, large

cant cross plasma membrane

exert effect on outside. Receptors in exterior of cell membrane. Receptors are part of second messenger systems to relay

quick onsets
short duration

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5
Q

..in ending. means what kind of hormone

A

peptide

insulin
oxytocin

most hormones with abbreviations (FSH, LH)

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6
Q

steroid hormones

A

large hydrocarbon ring system thats non polar. steroid proteins often bound to carrier proteins in bloodstream. Once it reaches target cell it can diffuse bc of hydrophobic nature inside. (Diffusion doesnt need membrane protein). Steroid receptors are often intracellular and bind to steroid hormone and as a complex migrates to nucleus to affect transcription

derived from cholsterol. look for “s,t,r” near eachother
- testosterone, estrogen, aldosterone, cortisol

slower to act
last longer

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7
Q

all major glands in head and neck are __ hormones

A

peptide hormones, derived from amino acids

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8
Q

pituitary gland

A

anterior - glandular
FLAT PEG are tropic hormones which act on other glands which releases other hormones to act ion target gland
F- FSH on gonads
L - LH on gonads
A - acth
T - TSH on thyroid

**PEG are direct **
P - prolactin
E - endorphins, endogenous opiods
G - HGH

posterior - nervous tissue
ADH/vasopressin - reduces urine output to stimulate water reabsorption in kidney
oxytocin - love, triggers uterine contractions in birth

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9
Q

hypothalamus

A

above pituitary gland

secretes trophic hormones into hypophyseal portal system bringing hormones to pituitary gland

GnRH –> increaes FSH, LH –> gonads
CRH –> increases acth –> adrenal cortex
TRH –> increases TSH
GHRH –> increases GH

ADH and oxytocins are peptides that have somas in hypothalamus and transported by axons to posterior pituitary

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10
Q

thyroid

A

TRH –> TSH ( sets metabolic rate) -> T3 and T4 in the thyroid

T3 and T4 are amino acid derivatives but they behave as if steroids bc they are hydrophobic and need carrier proteins in bloodstream, but need membrane transport protein to cross like steroids, also have intracellular receptors

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11
Q

parathyroid

A

thyroid regulates calcium
it makes calcitonin hormone which DECR plasma calcium levels by stimulating osteoblasts which pulls calcium from blood and desposits into cells

parathyroid makes parathyroid hormone (PTH) which stimulates osteoclast activity causing calcium RELEASE from bones to release into bloodstream for INCREASE in blood stream

parathyroid and thyroid are anagonistic

as blood calcium rises, PTH is decreased

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12
Q

adrenal gland

A

ad - towards, renal - kidney
on top of the kidneys

**outer cortex - **
**adrenal cortex - **
gluccocorticoids which regulate blood glucose levels, (oids) means steriod

cortisol and cortison reduce inflammation but causes high blood glucose levels

mineralcorticoids which act on minerals (SALTS)

aldosterone promotes sodium reabosorption in the kidney

sex hormones
androgens and estrogens (all steroids)

medulla - epinephrine and norepinephrine

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13
Q

pancreas cell types

A

alpha - glucagon
beta - insulin
delta - somatostatin

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14
Q

insulin vs glucagon

A

insulin reduces blood glucose encouraging glucose uptake

glucagon increases blood glucose by promoting glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver

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15
Q

somatostatin

A

slows digestive track, inhibits effect of growth hormone, insulin, glucagon

of the pancreas

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16
Q

gonads

A

ovaries and testes
estrogen – > maturation of folliciles in ovary
progesterone –> prepares uterus for implantation
testosterone –> sperm

all hormones produces in gonads are steroids, everyone needs all three

17
Q

negative feedback

A
18
Q

is TRH released by anterior pituitary?

A

no its released by the PVN of hypothalamus

wich causes releases of TSH acting the thyroid

TSH on thyroid causes release of T3 and T4,

19
Q

what hormones stimulates FSH and LS

A

gnRH
gonadotropin releasing hormone

20
Q

hormones release by posterior pituitary gland– can it synthesize hormones?

A

ADH and oxytocin

The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary are actually synthesized in the hypothalamus and simply released from the posterior pituitary gland. The posterior pituitary does not synthesize any hormones itself.

21
Q

what does ADH/vasopression do?

A

ADH secreted due to low blood volume (via baroreceptors) or increased blood osmolality (osmoreceptors) increases permeability of collecting duct to water

increases reabsorption of water from filtrate in nephron, retains water more

increased blood volume and higher blood pressure

22
Q

what does oxytocin do?

A

secreted in childbirth, coordinated contraction of uterine smoothe muscle, promotes milk ejection, positive feedback, bonding behabior

23
Q

T3 and T4

A

T3 and T4 differ in the idoine atoms attached to tyrosine

produced in follicular cells of thyroid

reset basal metabolic rate my making energy production more or less efficient by altering utilization of flucose and fatty acts

incr T3, T4 –> inc cell resp, increased protein and fatty acid turn over, speedig up synthesis and deg of these compounds

24
Q

what is the neg feed back of increased thyroid hormoes

A

dec TSH and TRH
prevents excessive T3 and T4

25
Q

hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism

A

hypothyroidism - deficiency in iodine or inflammation, LOW thyroid hormones, decreased temp, slowed resp, slowed heart rate, cold intolerance, weight gain

hyperthryoidism - HIGH thyroid hormones, increased ac, increased body temp, increased resp and heart rate, heat intolerance, weight loss, may result from tumor or thyroid overstimulation

26
Q

cretinism

A

deficiency in thyroid hormone in kids which causes intellectual disability nd developmental delays

27
Q

which cells make calcitonin

A

C cells (parafollicular cells) of the thyroid

28
Q

calcitonin

A

DEC plasma calcium levels
calcitonin TONES down calcium levels in blood

  1. increases calcium excretion from kidneys
  2. dec calcium absorption from the gut
  3. incr calcium storage in bones

can be stimulated by high blood calcium levels

29
Q

how does parathyroid hormone increase abosorptin of calcium in the gut

A

via vitamin D

30
Q

parathyroid hormone and phosphorus homeostasis

A

increases reabsorption of phosphate from bone and reduces reabsorption of phopshate in the kidney (promotes excretion into urine)

net little affect on phosphate

31
Q

why is calcium important for the body

A

bone structure and strength, release of NT from neurons, reg of muscle contraction, clotting of blood (calcium is a cofactor)

32
Q

PTH and vitamin D

A

PTH (increaes calcium in blood) activates vitamin D which is need for absorption of caclium and phosphate in the gut

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