Kapitel 9 - The knowing mind

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

The ability to retain knowledge

Question 2

Information processing

Answer 2

a continuum involving
attention
sensation
perception
learning
memory
cognition

Question 3

Encoding

Answer 3

transformation of information from one form to another

Question 4

Storage

Answer 4

the retention of information

Question 5

Sensory memory

Answer 5

The first stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model that holds large amounts of incoming data for brief amounts of time

separate channels for different sensory types (acoustic, visual, etc)

knowing what is happening in the now
you can see your fingers in multiple places if you wiggle them back and forth fast.

Question 6

Short-term memory (STM)

Answer 6

the second stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model that holds small amounts of information for a limited time

5-9 bits of information

Question 7

Rehearsal

Answer 7

Repetition of information to process information from short-term to long-term memory

Question 8

Chunking

Answer 8

Clumping bits of information together so that we can store more information

if we store the numbers 1, 0, 0, and 0 we have taken up 4 information bits but if we instead remember 1000 we only use one bit.

Question 9

Working memory

Answer 9

Extension of the concept of short-term memory that includes an active manipulation of multiple types of information simultaneously

5-9 bits of information

Question 10

Working memory components

Answer 10

Visuospatial sketch pad
Visual information

phonological loop
verbal and auditory information

episodic buffer
Connection with existing long-term memory

central executive
Divides attention between the different task so you can do them simultaneously

Question 11

Long-term memories

Answer 11

The final stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model is the location of permanent memories

Question 12

Levels of processing theory

Answer 12

the depth (shallow or deep) of processing applied to information predicts its ease of retrieval

simply reading it or craming is shallow while translating it into your own words. explaining it, drawing i diagram of it, or applying it in a new concept culd count as deeper processing.

Question 13

Declarative memory

Answer 13

a consciously retrieved memory that is easy to verbalize including semantic, episodic, and auto-biographical information;

also known as explicit memory

Question 14

nondeclarative memory

Answer 14

an unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved memory that is difficult to verbalize, such as a memory for classical conditioning, procedural learning, and priming;

also known as implicit memory

teaching someone to use a scissor or drive a car.

Question 15

Semantic memory

Answer 15

A general knowledge memory

organized by category

Example : different types of cereal

Question 16

Episodic memory

Answer 16

A memory from personal experience

organized chronologically

example: childhood memories

Question 17

autobiographical memory

Answer 17

semantic or episodic memories that reference the self

knowing you were born in a town (semantic) and associating the feelings of going to parades with it (episodic)

Question 18

Procedural memory

Answer 18

a type of nondeclarative/ implicit memory of how to carry out a skilled movement

biking, running, using scisors

Question 19

Priming

Answer 19

A change in response to a stimulus as a result of exposure to a previous stimulus

recognising a word faster because of a previous word or getting a possitive/negative attitude to blonds as a group of after interacting with one blond that was nice or mean to you.

Question 20

Spreading activation model

Answer 20

a connectionist theory that proposes that people organize their general knowledge based on their individual experiences

Question 21

inference using Schema

Answer 21

A schema is a set of expectations about objects and situations that affect our memory.

example you might remember seeing some books in your professor’s office even if there were none since you can expect a professor to have books in their office.

Question 22

Cue

Answer 22

A stimulus that aids in retrieval

This is why it’s most effective to study in an environment similar to the one you end up taking an exam in

self-generated cues are usually the most effective

Question 23

encoding specificity

Answer 23

a process in which memories incorporate unique combinations of information when encoded

like the way you are standing/ sitting, the lighting, the tastes and smells

Drinking Red Bull while studying -> Drinking Red Bull during exams will help performance.

Question 24

Reconstruction

Answer 24

rebuilding a memory out of stored elements

retrival of a memory piece by piece returning it into the working memory from long-term memory.

Question 25

Flashbulb event

Answer 25

An especially vivid and detailed memory of an emotional event

Where you were during 9/11 and your experience

Question 26

Tip of the tongue (TOT) implication for retrieval

Answer 26

Retrieval of memory is not all or none but gradual and incorrect retrievals can block correct retrievals.

you can often think of the first letter of a word before the word comes to mind. however, if you retrieve the wrong letter it might be impossible to find the full word

Question 27

Decay

Answer 27

Reduction in the ability to retrieve rarely used information over time

not remembering the periodic table after no studying chemistry for a while

Question 28

Interference

Answer 28

Competition between newer and older information in memory

proactive interference:
old memories interfering with new memories

retroactive interference:
New memories interfering with old memories

Question 29

Motivated forgetting

Answer 29

Failure to retrieve negative memories

repressing sexual abuse or remembering it for something not as bad

Question 30

LTP or Long-term potentiation

Answer 30

the enhancement of communication between two neurons resulting from their synchronous activation

shares many features with memory. can be formed after only brief exposure to stimuli.

Question 31

mnemonics

Answer 31

Memory aids that link new information to well-known information.