Kapitel 9 - The knowing mind Flashcards
Memory
The ability to retain knowledge
Information processing
a continuum involving
attention
sensation
perception
learning
memory
cognition
Encoding
transformation of information from one form to another
Storage
the retention of information
Sensory memory
The first stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model that holds large amounts of incoming data for brief amounts of time
separate channels for different sensory types (acoustic, visual, etc)
knowing what is happening in the now
you can see your fingers in multiple places if you wiggle them back and forth fast.
Short-term memory (STM)
the second stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model that holds small amounts of information for a limited time
5-9 bits of information
Rehearsal
Repetition of information to process information from short-term to long-term memory
Chunking
Clumping bits of information together so that we can store more information
if we store the numbers 1, 0, 0, and 0 we have taken up 4 information bits but if we instead remember 1000 we only use one bit.
Working memory
Extension of the concept of short-term memory that includes an active manipulation of multiple types of information simultaneously
5-9 bits of information
Working memory components
Visuospatial sketch pad
Visual information
phonological loop
verbal and auditory information
episodic buffer
Connection with existing long-term memory
central executive
Divides attention between the different task so you can do them simultaneously
Long-term memories
The final stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model is the location of permanent memories
Levels of processing theory
the depth (shallow or deep) of processing applied to information predicts its ease of retrieval
simply reading it or craming is shallow while translating it into your own words. explaining it, drawing i diagram of it, or applying it in a new concept culd count as deeper processing.
Declarative memory
a consciously retrieved memory that is easy to verbalize including semantic, episodic, and auto-biographical information;
also known as explicit memory
nondeclarative memory
an unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved memory that is difficult to verbalize, such as a memory for classical conditioning, procedural learning, and priming;
also known as implicit memory
teaching someone to use a scissor or drive a car.
Semantic memory
A general knowledge memory
organized by category
Example : different types of cereal
Episodic memory
A memory from personal experience
organized chronologically
example: childhood memories
autobiographical memory
semantic or episodic memories that reference the self
knowing you were born in a town (semantic) and associating the feelings of going to parades with it (episodic)
Procedural memory
a type of nondeclarative/ implicit memory of how to carry out a skilled movement
biking, running, using scisors
Priming
A change in response to a stimulus as a result of exposure to a previous stimulus
recognising a word faster because of a previous word or getting a possitive/negative attitude to blonds as a group of after interacting with one blond that was nice or mean to you.
Spreading activation model
a connectionist theory that proposes that people organize their general knowledge based on their individual experiences
inference using Schema
A schema is a set of expectations about objects and situations that affect our memory.
example you might remember seeing some books in your professor’s office even if there were none since you can expect a professor to have books in their office.
Cue
A stimulus that aids in retrieval
This is why it’s most effective to study in an environment similar to the one you end up taking an exam in
self-generated cues are usually the most effective
encoding specificity
a process in which memories incorporate unique combinations of information when encoded
like the way you are standing/ sitting, the lighting, the tastes and smells
Drinking Red Bull while studying -> Drinking Red Bull during exams will help performance.
Reconstruction
rebuilding a memory out of stored elements
retrival of a memory piece by piece returning it into the working memory from long-term memory.
Flashbulb event
An especially vivid and detailed memory of an emotional event
Where you were during 9/11 and your experience
Tip of the tongue (TOT) implication for retrieval
Retrieval of memory is not all or none but gradual and incorrect retrievals can block correct retrievals.
you can often think of the first letter of a word before the word comes to mind. however, if you retrieve the wrong letter it might be impossible to find the full word
Decay
Reduction in the ability to retrieve rarely used information over time
not remembering the periodic table after no studying chemistry for a while
Interference
Competition between newer and older information in memory
proactive interference:
old memories interfering with new memories
retroactive interference:
New memories interfering with old memories
Motivated forgetting
Failure to retrieve negative memories
repressing sexual abuse or remembering it for something not as bad
LTP or Long-term potentiation
the enhancement of communication between two neurons resulting from their synchronous activation
shares many features with memory. can be formed after only brief exposure to stimuli.
mnemonics
Memory aids that link new information to well-known information.