Kapitel 10 - The Thinking mind Flashcards
What is cognition?
Internal mental processes
information processing
thinking
reasoning
problem solving
What is a concept?
An organizing principle derived from experience
What is dog?
all the things an alien needed to know to watch your neighbors dog
What is a prototype?
a representation of a category formed by averaging all members of the category
The average dog could serve as a prototype for all other dogs
What is an Exemplar
a specific member of a category used to represent the category
When you think about the concept “dog” you might picture a specific dog, might be from your childhood or it could be lassi from that one movie.
What is a Problem?
A situation in which a current state is separated from an ideal state by obstacles
I want Cake but I don’t have any cake.
Current state = not having cake
Obstacles = getting cake
Ideal state = having cake
What is the Problem solving flowchart?
- Understand your problem
- Make a plan
- Carry out the plan
- Review
- Either you have achieved the ideal state or have to try again
What is Functional Fixedness?
A possible barrier to successful problem solving in which a concept is considered only in its most typical form.
What are algorithm?
A precise step-by-step set of rules that will reliably generate a solution to a problem
What are heuristics?
A shortcut to problem solving also known as a rule of thumb
Dogs like to go fetch balls
What dose the Recognition heuristic predict?
a more easily recognized alternative has “higher value”
Avengers endgame is more recognized than captive state. Therefore Avengers endgame has “higher value” and produced more money.
London is more recognized than Härnösand. Therefore London has “higher value” and is probably bigger
What dose the Availability heuristic predict and why is it often wrong?
it predicts that an event will more frequent if its easier to think about.
“easy to think about” is hard to define and while things that happen often become easy to think about the cant predict the future with that information. Shark attacks might be covered on the news and become “easy to think about” however you are 30 times more likely to die from a falling piece of aircraft debris even though that is almost never talked about.
What is predicted by the Representativeness heuristic why is it often wrong?
it predicts that if a stimuli is similar to a prototype they are more likely to occur than those farther from it.
This works for a stimuli/person/object that is average in their group however it brings about allot of inaccuracies if we are dealt an outlier
Signs you are about to make a poorly considered decision
- Thinking the a decision is “obviously right” or “obviously wrong” might result in confirmation bias
- Being influenced by what “everyone thinks” , that is conformity and not a reason for a decision
- Doing something because “we have always done it this way”
- Choosing a simple solution instead of a more complex one, this is about ease of processing rather than good decision making
What is the Affect heuristic?
A rule of thumb in which we choose between alternatives based on emotional or “gut” reactions to stimuli
Something “feels” like the right choice
When “Carrying out the plan” what is one of the most critical elements to success?
Planning
There is a large difference between
“I should exercise more” and I will dedicate an hour of time, 3 times/week at the gym Tenton that I will by a gym membership for with my next paycheck…. And so on.
