Kap 8; Memory Flashcards
Vad är minne och hur mäter man man minne?
Minne är lärande som kvarstår över tid.
Minnesprocessen:
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Memory strength:
Recall
Recognition
Relearning
How do psychologists describe the human memory system?
Information-processing model
Parallell processing
The connectionism information-processing model
Atkinson and Shiffrins trestegsmodell
Psykologer kommunicerar om minnet genom att prata om…
Information-processing model - (encoding, storage, retrieval)
Parallell processing - vår hjärna processerar saker simultant
The connectionism information-processing model - focuses on multitrack processing, viewing memories as interconnected neural networks.
Atkinson and Shiffrins trestegsmodell - Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.
(Has been updated with working memory, active processing, and automatic processing to address the unconscious processing)
How do explicit and implicit memories differ?
Explicit (declarative) memories - conscious processing through effortful processing.
Implicit (nondeclarative) memories - unconsciuos processing thorugh automatic processing. Ex: skills and classically conditioned associations.
What information do we process automatically?
In addition to skills and classical conditioned associations, we automatically process incidental information about..
space
time
frequency
Hur fungerar det sensoriska minnet?
Det sensoriska minnet matar in information i arbetsminnet för att aktivts processeras där.
Iconic memory - visuell stimuli som varar mindre än en sekund
Echoic memory - ljudintryck som varar mindre 3-4 sek
What is our short-term and working memory capacity?
Short-term Memory: about 7 items +-2
Disappears without rehearsal
Working Memory: capacity for active processing varies with age, intelligence and other factors
Vilka effektiva effortful processing metoder kan hjäpa oss att minnas?
CMH ST
Chunking
Mnemonics
Hiararchies
spaced study
testing effect
What are the levels of processing, and how do they affect endoding?
Deep processing - affects long-term retention. We enocde words based on their meaning.
Self-reference effect.
Shallow processing - we enocode words based or their structure and appearance.
Långtidsminnets kapacitet och location i hjärnan
Long-term Memory storage is unlimited.
Många delar av hjärnan interagerar vid inkodning, lagring och framplockning.
Vilka roller har the frontal lobe och hippocampus i minnesprocessering?
Network of explicit memory formation
Frontal lobe - processing
Hippocampus (and surrounding areas of cortex) - registers and temporarily holds elements of explicit memories (semantic, episodic) before moving them to other brain regions for long-term storage.
The neural storage of long-term memories is called memory consolidation.
What roles do the cerebellum and basal ganglia play in memory processing?
Parts of the network dedicated to implicit memory formation.
Cerebellum - stores classical conditioned memories
Basal Ganglia - involved in motor movement and help form procedural memories for skills.
Infantile amnesia - We don’t remener when we learned skills and reactions during our first years.
How do emotions affect our memory processing?
Emotional arousal casuses stress hormone realease wich also leads to activity in the brain’s memory-forming areas.
Stressful events can trigger very clear flashbulb memories.
How do changes at the synapse level affect our memory processing?
Long-term potentiation (LTP) is the neural basis of learning.
In LTP, neurons become more efficient at releasing and sensing the presence of neurotransmitters, and more connections develop between neurons.
How do external cues, internal emotions and order of appearance influence memory retrieval?
Priming
The encoding specificity principle
Mood Congruency
The serial position effect
External cues activate associations that help us retrieve memories. This process may occur withour our awareness as it does in Priming.
The encoding specificity principle - idea that cues and context specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it.
Mood Congruency - returning to the same psysical context or emotional state in which we formed a memory can help oss retrieve
The serial position effect - accounts for our tendency to recall best the last items and the first items.
Why do we forget?
Anterograde amnesia
Retrograde amnesia
Normal forgetting
Retrieval problems
Motivated forgetting
Anterograde amnesia - an inability to form new memories.
Retrograde amnesia - an inability to retrieve old memories.
Normal forgetting - encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure
Retrieval problems may result from proactive (forward-acting) interference, as prior learning interferes with recall of new information, or from retroactive (backward-acting) interference, as new learning disrupts recall of old information.
Motivated forgetting occurs but researchers have found little evidence of repression.
