Joyce Travelbee Flashcards
ranges from a feeling of unease to extreme torture, and varies in intensity, duration and depth
Suffering
Suffering ranges from a feeling of unease to extreme torture, and varies in
intensity, duration and depth
is the means through which the purpose of nursing is fulfilled
Human-to-human relationship
is a therapeutic human-to-human relationship formed during illness and experience of suffering
interpersonal process
what is Joyce Travelbee’s theory
Human-to-Human Relationship Model of Nursing
is an interpersonal process because it is always concerned with people either directly or indirectly
nursing
the “people” nurses are concered with include
ill and healthy individuals, their families, visitors, personnel and members of the allied discipline
nursing is also a “_________”, by that we mean it is an “____________” or a happening, or series of happenings between an nurse, an individual, or group of individuals in need of the assistance a nurse can offer.
process; experience
occur as a result of the impact of one individual on the other
change
Travelbee proposed two different criteria of health:
subjective and objective
is defined individually, i.e., in accord with each person’s appraisal of his physical-emotional-spiritual status as perceived by him.
subjective health
is highly individualistic
subjective health
implies that a person is as healthy as he percieves himself to be at any given time
subjective health
an absence of discernible, disease, disability, or defect as measured by physical examination, laboratory tests, assessment by a spiritual director or psychological counselor
objective health
when the physical-psychological-spiritual aspects fall within what is considered a normal range in our society, the individual is judged
healthy
the person making judgement of “objective” health ay be a
physician, psychiatrist, priest, rabbi, or minister
an experience or series of experiences between the human being who is the nurse and an ill person, or an individual in need of the services of the nurse
human-to-human relationship
a major premise of Travelbee’s work is that there is
an utter uniqueness to every individual
the language of love is
universal and needs no interpreter
is a stereotype and a category
patient
refers to the diminishing capacity to percieve ll persons as human beings accompanied by increasing proclivity to perceive ill persons as an “illness,” or as a task” to be performed, instead of as human beings.
process of human reduction
the most common emotional response an individual feels when subjected to the frustration of dehumanization is
anger
is a feeling of displeasure which ranges from simple transitory mental, physical, or spiritual discomfort to extreme anguish, and to those phases beyond anguish
suffering
phases beyond anguish
- The Malignant Phase: Despairful “Not Caring”
- The Terminal Phase: Apathetic Indifference
is experienced when the individual has suffered mentally, physicallu, or spiritually too intensely, over too long a period of time, without assistance and ithout sycrease of suffering.
Despairful “Not Caring”
occurs when the individual progresses beyond the stage of despairful “not-caring”
Apathetic Indifference
Such an individual does not complain; neither does he bitterly express the angry feelings of hopelessness so typical during the phase of despair.
Apathetic Indifference
is an interpersonal emergency and calls for immediate concerted action
Despairful “Not Caring”
is experienced when the individual encounters various types of distressing diffulculties
suffering
reactions to suffering and illness can e classified into two broad categories:
the “Why me? reaction; and the “acceptance reaction” or the “why not me” typeof reaction
this reaction is probably the most common of alll responses to suffering and illness
Thw “Why Me” Reaction
the source of this reaction is probably nnacceptance of the experience of illness and suffering
The “Why Me” Reaction
An individual may blame himself or his loved one for causing or being exposed to illness
blaming
The peson may wonder why this illness or suffering happened to him. He may wonder why he was singled out or “picked out”
Bafflement
is defined as anger turned inward toward the self
depression
there are times when aan ill person may feel a deep, surging, almost overwhelming desire to be well again
longing
depression and the frustrations resulting from unfulfilled longing may also induce ____________________ in the ill person
self-pitying behavior
is engendered and a general “I-fee-orry-for-myself attitude is displayed
Self-pity
is probably anger rurned inward toward the self
self-pity
is the least common of all responses to suffering and ill
The “Acceptanc Reaction”
i sbale to recieve suffering and illness without protest, and in osm rare instances, is able to make an affirmative response to these conditions
The “Acceptance Reaction”
is a mental state characterized by the desire to gain an end or accommplish a goal combined with some degree of expectation that what is desired or sought is attainable
hope
is a sense of the possible
hope
Differentiation and Characteristics of Hope
- hope is strongly related to dependence on others
- hope is future-oriented
- hope is related to choice
- hope is closely related to trust and perseverance
- hope is related to courage
help or the cooperation of others is required in order to survive. The ill and suffering human being depends on others and hopes for their assisstance even tho he may not wish to ask for help
hope is trongly related to dependence on others
the individual who hopes desired a change i his present life situation.He is, in effect dissatisfied and finds little comfort in living in the now of the present moment
hope is future-oriented
the hoping individual believes he has some choices available to him. when a person hopes he perceives some alternatives of avenues of escape in the situation
hope is related to choice
the act of desiring to possess something or condition, accomplis a task or undergo an experience
wishing
is a component of hoping but it is differentiated from hope only on the basis of probability of attaining the object of one’s wish
wishing
is to desire the improbable or impossible and to have knwledge of the low degree of probability of ever gaining the objec of one’s wishes
wishing
the individual is assured that other individuals are capable of assissting in times of distress and will probably do so
hope is closely related to trust and perseverance
is the ability to keep trying to continue to work towards solving one’s problems, ameliorate one’s distress, or change one’s status or condition
perseverance
is a quality which enables an individual to confront difficult experiences over a fairly long period of time and to do so without losing courage and giving up, and probably requires a strong act of the will.
perseverance
the hopeful person possess courage
hope is related to courage
is the ability to realize one’s inadequacies and fears and yet to persevere towards one’s goals,even though there may be a little or no certainty that the individual will be able to attain the object of hope
courage
is devoid of hope
hopelessness
is devoid of hope, he does not strive to slve problems, or cope with difficulties in life, because he does not really believe that any can be affected
hopeless individual
takes place during every encounter the nurse has with the recipients of her care
Communication
it occurs when the nurse and ill person converse with each other, as well as when each is silent
communication
are methods used to accomplish the specific as well as the overall goals of nursing intervention
communication techniques
techniques are valuable and useful in facilitating communication when used in a ______________ manner
judicious
The judicious use of the following techniques will facilitate cmmunication:
Use of Open-Ended Comments or Questions
Use of the Reflecting Techique
These are bridge phases or transition phases. They do not block communication but encourage the individual to continue speaking
Use of Open-Ended Comments or Questions
is probably the best known, least understood, and most popular communication technique
the reflecting technique
to reflect (or repeat) certain words or phrases sopken by the other person in order to facilitate communication
reflecting content
are devices or methods used purposefully in nurse-patient and other situations
communication techniques
occurs when a message is not recieved, or when a message is misinterpeted or misunderstood
communication breakdown
can also occur when one participant in the interaction recieves and correctly interprets the message, but for some reason does not wish the other person to know that the message has been understood
communication breakdown
major causes of communication breakdown and distortion
- Failure to perceive the ill Person as a Human Being
- Failure to recognize levels of meaning in communication
- Failure to listen
- Using value statements without reflection
- Cliches and automatic responses
- Accusing, blaming and teasing
- Failure to Interrupt
a stadardized mental pcture, representing an oversimplified opinion, or uncritical judgement
stereotype
a conception or opinion previously formed
preconception
Human-to-human relationship is established after nurse and recipient of her care have progressed through four preceding interlocking phases:
- original encounter
- emerging identities
- empathy
- sympathy
*5. rapport
Phases Leading To The Establishment of a Hman-to-human Relationship
(1) Phase of the Original Encounter
(2) Phase of Emerging Identities
(3) Phase of Empathy
(4) Phase of Sympathy
(5) Phase of Rapport
when a nurse encounters a person for the first time, she oberves and develops inferences and value judgement about the individual, as the person usually does about the nurse
Phase of Original Encounter
is the first and most important step in the nursing process
Observation
is characterized by the abilty to appreciate the uniqueness of another person, as well as the ability to establish a bond with other individual
phase of emerging identities
the ability to enter into, or share in and comprehend the momentary psychologcal state of another individual
empathy
a process in wherein an individual is able to see beyond outward behavior and sense accurately another’s inner experience at a given point in time
empathy
it is step beyond empathy in that there is a basic urge or desire to alleviate distress
sympathy
this ________________________, absent in empathy, is a distinguishing characteristic of sympathy
desire to alleviate distress
is a process wherein an individual is able to comprehend the psychological stae of another
empathy
empathy is a ______________________ since it does not imply that the individual takes action on the basis of the comprehension which has been gained.
neutral process
implies a desire to aid the other individual in order to relieve his distress
sympathy
is that which is experienced when nurse and ill person have progressed through the 4 interlocking phases
rapport
is a process, a happening, an experience, or series of experiences undergone simultaneusly by the nurse and the recipient of her care
rapport
the nursing process consists of overlapping stages:
observation, interpretation, decision-making, action (nursing intervention) and appraisal (or evaluation) of one’s action
refers to the collection of raw sensory data prior to interpretation
observation
deal with the interpersonal aspects of nursing, focusing especially on mental health
Human-to-human Reationship Model of Nursing
believes that humans constantly face choices and conflicts and are accountable to the choices they make in life
existentialism
is the means through which the purpose of nursing is fulfilled
human-to-human relationship
the reason attributed to a person
meaning
is meanin-centered psychotherapy based on the assumption that meaning fulfillment in life is the best protection against emotional instability
Logotherapy
the ability to use one’s own personality consciously and n full awareness in an attempt to establish relatedness and to structure nursing interventions
Self-therapy
this refers to the nurse’s presence physically and psychologically
self-therapy
is an individually defined state of well-being in accord with self-appraisalof the physical emotional-spiritual status
subjective health
is an absence of discernible diseases, disability of defect as measured by physical examination, laboratory tests and assessment by spiritual drector or psychological
objective health
an interpersonal process whereby the professional nurse practitioner assists an individual, famly or community to prevent or cope with experience or illness and sufferin, and if necessary, to find meaing n these experience
nursing
emotional knowledge colors impressions and perceptions of btoh nurse and patient during initial encounters
Phase of the origical encounter
both nurse and patient begin to transcend the respective roles and perceive uniqueness in each other.
phase of emerging identities
this phase involves sharing another’s psychological sate but standing apart and not sharing feelings. It is characterized “by the ability to predict the behavior of another”
phase of empathy
sharing, feeling, ad experiencing what others are feeling and experiencing is accomplished.
phase of sympathy
this phase demonstrates emotional involvement and discredits objectivity as dehumanizing. this task of the nurse is to translate sympathy into helpful nursing actions
phase of sympathy
has greatly influenced hospice nursing in that hospice nurses focus on the relationships with their patients to improve quality of life
human-to-human relationship model of nursing
