Jonathon philips, The Crusades

Question 1

According to Philips, where did the idea of the military order emerge from?

What did this reflect about the contemporary society?

Answer 1

Military orders emerged from the religiously charged violence displayed in the first crusade

The success of the first crusade had the effect of legitimising the concept of religious violence

Question 2

Who wrote “In Praise of the New Knighthood” ?

Answer 2

Bernard of Clairvaux

Justified monastic knights and criticised secular knighthood, their vanities, lust, material greed

Question 3

How did King Alfonso I empower the Templar movement

Answer 3

Alfonso was a childless king and was fearful of his rivals acquiring his land, subsequently he bequest his entire kingdom to the Templar order
- perhaps also an expression of his eternal war against the Muslim

Question 4

List some of the privileges afforded to the Templars between 1139 - 1145

Answer 4

• right to elect their own master
• exempt from paying taxes
• allowed to collect tax revenues from their own land and keep profits
• right to have their own priests (creating further tension with local hierarchies)

Question 5

How did Pope Eugenius support the Templars ?

Answer 5

Offered to grant indulgences to those who ‘benefit annually’ and ‘assist them’