Crusading In The West / Jotischky Flashcards
What did Urban II write to Besalu, Empurius and Roussillon?
There was no virtue in rescuing christians from one place only to expose them to the tyranny of the saracens in other
How had the crusader battleground shifted by 1100?
King Pedro I of Aragon had taken the cross and was fighting the saracens at home in Spain
What did Pope Callixtus II declare in 1123?
“We graciously grant to all those fighting on this expedition the same remission of sins that we conceded to the defenders of the eastern church”
Who was Gerard Derucium?
First crusade veteran
- in 1107 he issued a charter and took it upon himself to crusade in Spain
- highlighting the laymen were changing the crusader battleground regardless of papal authorisation
- also consider he carried a personified capital of the experience of the first crusade, granting him power and prestige in its aftermath
- highlighting the laymen were changing the crusader battleground regardless of papal authorisation
When did the Muslim khalifate collapse?
1031, Córdoba
- creating a political vacuum in Spain which could be exploited by rising christian forces
Discuss the parias system in the 11th century
Independence states emerged from the collapse of the khalifate, based on the major cities (Zaragoza/Valencia/Seville/Toledo)
However, these states had no institutional authority in Islamic view and were widely open to both internal and extreme all threat
As a result, a system developed whereby Taifa rulers paid subsidies, known as Parias, to more aggressive neighbours for protection, both for. The neighbour local rivals
Comment on some specific parias payments made between Muslim and christian forces
By 1054, the kingdom of Leon - Castile emerged as the first capable of interfering in Islamic affairs. Ferdinand’s regular raids on Muslim territory promoted the Taifas of Seville to begin paying him parias. Ferdinand’s heir, Alfonso VI, also secured payments of 10,000 dinars from Grenada as a result of his aggressive actions in Muslim territories
Consider Andrew Jotischky’s analysis on the scale of the parias system
Jotischky writes that the parias system enabled a christian hegemony to emerge out of Muslim wealth. Adding that by 1074, Alfonso VI enjoyed an annual income of 74,000 dinars from parias - incomparably more than he could have acquired from taxation
When was the first income tax introduced to finance crusading?
1183
How does Jotischky describe crusading?
A religious activity, governed by the expectation of a spiritual reward. In order to understand crusading, historians must consider the ‘knightly families’ and how ideals of devotion and social responsibility became fused with habits of warfare
