13th Century Crusading

Question 1

What began to emerge from the crusader expeditions of the 13th century?

Answer 1

Egypt becomes a target - beginning of the diversion away from the holy land?

Sense of antagonism between crusader leaders and papal aims
- 4th crusade / 5th crusade / Barons’ crusade

A lack of sustained leadership became apparent
- 5th crusade

Success through negotiation
- Richard of Cornwall / Frederick II

Question 2

How did the papacy stamp authority of crusades?

Answer 2

They expanded expeditions and institutionalised crusading
- launched crusades against muslims, heretics, pagans, political enemies (consider importance of the papacy launching crusades against political enemies)

Question 3

What were papal encyclicals?

Name two

Answer 3

A papal bull or document sent out across Christendom to galvanise support for crusading expeditions

Quia Maior (1213)

Rachel Suum Videns

Question 4

What typically followed the issuing of papal bulls?

Answer 4

Papal letters sent to preachers and bishops instructed on what news to inform their diocese
- method spreading news / awareness

Question 5

What is one explanation for the high number of contingent groups within the chaser army?

Answer 5

Information was filtered down from the pope, to bishops and eventually to local communities, usually over several years

Question 6

Name some distinctive features of the papal encyclical Quia Maior

Answer 6

• emotive language in the opening
• full forgiveness of sins to those who contribute to crusades, whether financially or though physical combat (those who donate share remission of sins)
• goods and land under church protection (loans frozen)
• religious communities expected to raise a contingent of fighting men and fund them for 3 years