Joints of the Lower Limb

Question 1

What are the 4 main ligaments of the hip joint?

Answer 1

• Iliofemoral ligament
• ischiofemoral ligament
• pubfemoral
• ligament of the head of the femur

Question 2

What ligament of the hip joint is the strongest, and which is the weakest?

Answer 2

iliofemoral ligament is strongest

ischiofemoral is weakest

Question 3

What muscles are involved in flexion of the hip joint?

Answer 3

iliopsoas
rectus femoris
sartorius
(all part of anterior compartment of thigh)

Question 4

What muscles are involved in extension of the hip joint?

Answer 4

gluteus maximus

hamstring muscles

Question 5

What muscles are involved in abduction of the hip joint?

Answer 5

gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
satorius
tensor fasciae latae

Question 6

What muscles are involved in adduction of the hip joint?

Answer 6

adductor longus
adductor brevis
adductor magnus
gracilus
pectineus

Question 7

What muscles are involved in lateral rotation of the hip joint?

Answer 7

piriformis
obturator internus and externus
superior and inferior gemelli
quadratus femoris
gluteus maximus

Question 8

What muscles are involved in medial rotation of the hip joint?

Answer 8

gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
tensor fasciae latae

Question 9

What fails to develop in congenital dislocation of hip joint?

Answer 9

The acetabulum fails to develop

Question 10

What does the knee joint articulate with?

Answer 10

condyles of the femur and tibia

Question 11

What are the extracapsular ligaments?

Answer 11

Patellar ligament
tibial collateral ligament (medial collateral)
fibular collateral ligament (lateral collateral)
oblique popliteal ligament
arcuate popliteal ligament

Question 12

What tendon separates the fibular (lateral) collateral ligament from the lateral meniscus? What is the tibial (medial) firmly attached to?

Answer 12

The popliteus tendon separates the fibular collateral ligament from the lateral meniscus
The tibial collateral (medial collateral) is firmly attached to the medial meniscus

Question 13

What is the chief function of the menisci of the knee joint?

Answer 13

maintain congruence of the tibial and femoral condyles throughout range of movement

Question 14

What is the anterior cruciate ligament attached to, in what direction does it move upward, and what does it attach to there?

Answer 14

Attached to the posterior intercondylar tibia, passes upward and laterally to the posterior part of the lateral femoral condyle

Question 15

What is the posterior cruciate ligament attached to, in what direction does it move upward, and what does it attach to there?

Answer 15

Attached to the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia, passes upward and medially to attach to anterior part of medial femoral condyle

Question 16

When leg is extended: What cruciate ligament prevents posterior displacement of the femur on the tibia? What prevents anterior displacement?
When leg is fixed: what prevents anterior displacement of tibia and what prevents posterior displacement of tibia?

Answer 16

Extended leg: ACL prevents posterior displacement of femur on tibia
Extended leg: PCL prevents anterior displacement of femur on tibia

Fixed leg: ACL prevents anterior displacement of tibia
Fixed leg: PCL prevents posterior displacement on tibia

Question 17

What is the screwing home movement of the knee joint?

Answer 17

Medial rotation of the femur at the end of extension of the leg
-causes all ligaments in knee to become a rigid structure

Question 18

What muscle accomplishes the unlocking of the knee joint in order to flex the leg when the knee is locked?

Answer 18

Popliteus muscle unlocks the knee joint

-either by laterally rotating the femur or medially rotating the tibia

Question 19

What are the muscles involved in flexion of the knee joint?

Answer 19

Biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
gracilis
sartorius
popliteus

Question 20

What are the muscles involved in extension of the knee joint?

Answer 20

quadriceps femoris

Question 21

What are the muscles involved in medial rotation of the knee joint?

Answer 21

sartorius
gracilus
semitendinosus
semimembranosus

Question 22

What are the muscles involved in lateral rotation of the knee joint?

Answer 22

biceps femoris

Question 23

When the ACL is torn, what does the patient present with?

When the PCL is torn, what does the patient present with?

Answer 23

ACL tearing means the tibia can be pulled excessively forward (anterior drawer sign)
PCL tearing means the tibia can be pulled excessively backward (posterior drawer sign)

Question 24

What about the medial meniscus makes it more vulnerable to damage?

Answer 24

closely associated with the tibial collateral ligament (medial collateral ligament)

often occurs with ACL injury

Question 25

What is the unhappy triad of knee injuries?

Answer 25

1. tearing of tibial collateral ligament (medial collateral)
2. tearing of medial meniscus
3. tearing of anterior cruciate ligament

Question 26

What are the ligaments of the ankle joint?

Answer 26

Medial (deltoid) ligament (stronger)
lateral ligament (weaker)

Question 27

What muscles are involved in dorsiflexion of the ankle joint?

Answer 27

tibialis anterior
extensor hallucis longus
extensor digitorum longus
fibularis tertius

Question 28

What muscles are involved in plantar flexion of the ankle joint?

Answer 28

gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris
fibularis longus
fibularis brevis
tibialis posterior
flexor digitorum longus
flexor hallucis longus

Question 29

What ligament is usually torn with an ankle sprain?

Answer 29

anterior talofibular ligament

Question 30

What are the main joints responsible for eversion and inversion of the foot?**

Answer 30

transverse tarsal joint

subtalar joint

Question 31

What are the 3 arches of the foot?

Answer 31

Medial longitudinal arch
lateral longitudinal arch
transverse arch

Question 32

What maintains the integrity of the foot arches?

Answer 32

plantar calcanenonavicular ligament (spring ligament; main thing holding up medial arch)
long plantar ligament
short plantar ligament
plantar aponeurosis