Joints and Muscles Flashcards
What is a joint?
Where two or more bones meet
What is the function of a joint?
Facilitate growth and transmit forces
What are the three types of joints when classifying by movement?
Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses
What is the movement of a synarthroses joint and where is it found?
Hardly any movement
Found in the skull
What is the movement of a amphiarthroses joint and where is it found?
Little movement
Between vertebrae in spinal column
What is the movement of a diarthroses joint and where is it found?
Very moveable
Knee
What are the three classifications of joints by soft tissue structure?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Describe a fibrous joint?
A joint created by a dense fibrous connection
What are three examples of fibrous joints and where are they found?
Sutures- skull
Syndesmosis- fibrous membranes between bones
Gomphosis- teeth (peg in socket)
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
Primary
Secondary
Describe primary cartilaginous joints
Bone-hyaline cartilage- bone
Synchondrosis
Describe secondary cartilaginous joints
Bone-hyaline cartilage- fibrocartilage- hyaline cartilage- bone
Symphyses
Where would you find a primary cartilaginous joint?
In between growing bones
First costosternal joint
Where would you find secondary cartilaginous joints?
Joints of sternum
Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis
What is a ligament?
A thickening of the fibrous capsule
What is an intrinsic ligament?
Is a part of the capsule
What is an extrinsic ligament?
Outside of the capsule
What is being double jointed?
Weak ligaments
What are the three major features of synovial joints?
Fibrous capsule- ligaments
Articular cartilage
Synovial membrane
What is the function of the articular cartilage?
Creates frictionless surface
What is the function of the synovial membrane?
Secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joint
What is synovial made up of?
Hyaluronic acid
Lubricin
Phagocytic cells
How does synovial fluid change its structure when pressure is applied to a joint?
Alignment of glycoprotein molecules changes
This causes a decrease in viscosity so that lubrication improves
What are some minor features of synovial joints?
Intra-articular disc
Bursae
Synovial sheaths
What are fibro-cartilage discs do?
Deepen and support joint
What are bursae?
Closed sacs lined with synovial membrane
Found where friction occurs
What are synovial sheaths?
Specialised bursae that surround tendons where they are subject to pressure
How many planes can a ball and socket joint move in?
3
How many planes can a hinge joint move in?
1
What factors influence the stability of joints?
Shape of the bones
Strength and position of the ligaments
Tone of the surrounding muscles
Why does fibrous capsules have a good nerve supply?
To allow for effective proprioception
What is osteoarthritis?
Degenerative disease
Effects articular cartilage and weight bearing joints
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
Affects all synovial joints
Changes in synovium lead to destruction of articular cartilage
An autoimmune disease
What does deep fascia do?
Divides the limbs into compartments
What three types of muscles make up of a functional group?
Prime mover
Synergists
Antagonists
What separates muscle fibres?
Endomysium
What lies between fascicles?
Perimysium
What is the dense sheath on the surface of muscles?
Epimysium
What are multinucleated muscle cells called?
Myocytes
What is the effect of myostatin?
Inhibition of muscle cell differentiation
