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MD2001 Week 2 > Joints and Muscles > Flashcards

Joints and Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What is a joint?

A

Where two or more bones meet

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2
Q

What is the function of a joint?

A

Facilitate growth and transmit forces

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3
Q

What are the three types of joints when classifying by movement?

A

Synarthroses

Amphiarthroses

Diarthroses

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4
Q

What is the movement of a synarthroses joint and where is it found?

A

Hardly any movement

Found in the skull

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5
Q

What is the movement of a amphiarthroses joint and where is it found?

A

Little movement

Between vertebrae in spinal column

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6
Q

What is the movement of a diarthroses joint and where is it found?

A

Very moveable

Knee

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7
Q

What are the three classifications of joints by soft tissue structure?

A

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

Synovial

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8
Q

Describe a fibrous joint?

A

A joint created by a dense fibrous connection

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9
Q

What are three examples of fibrous joints and where are they found?

A

Sutures- skull

Syndesmosis- fibrous membranes between bones

Gomphosis- teeth (peg in socket)

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10
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Primary

Secondary

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11
Q

Describe primary cartilaginous joints

A

Bone-hyaline cartilage- bone

Synchondrosis

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12
Q

Describe secondary cartilaginous joints

A

Bone-hyaline cartilage- fibrocartilage- hyaline cartilage- bone

Symphyses

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13
Q

Where would you find a primary cartilaginous joint?

A

In between growing bones

First costosternal joint

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14
Q

Where would you find secondary cartilaginous joints?

A

Joints of sternum

Intervertebral discs

Pubic symphysis

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15
Q

What is a ligament?

A

A thickening of the fibrous capsule

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16
Q

What is an intrinsic ligament?

A

Is a part of the capsule

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17
Q

What is an extrinsic ligament?

A

Outside of the capsule

18
Q

What is being double jointed?

A

Weak ligaments

19
Q

What are the three major features of synovial joints?

A

Fibrous capsule- ligaments

Articular cartilage

Synovial membrane

20
Q

What is the function of the articular cartilage?

A

Creates frictionless surface

21
Q

What is the function of the synovial membrane?

A

Secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joint

22
Q

What is synovial made up of?

A

Hyaluronic acid

Lubricin

Phagocytic cells

23
Q

How does synovial fluid change its structure when pressure is applied to a joint?

A

Alignment of glycoprotein molecules changes

This causes a decrease in viscosity so that lubrication improves

24
Q

What are some minor features of synovial joints?

A

Intra-articular disc

Bursae

Synovial sheaths

25
Q

What are fibro-cartilage discs do?

A

Deepen and support joint

26
Q

What are bursae?

A

Closed sacs lined with synovial membrane

Found where friction occurs

27
Q

What are synovial sheaths?

A

Specialised bursae that surround tendons where they are subject to pressure

28
Q

How many planes can a ball and socket joint move in?

A

3

29
Q

How many planes can a hinge joint move in?

A

1

30
Q

What factors influence the stability of joints?

A

Shape of the bones

Strength and position of the ligaments

Tone of the surrounding muscles

31
Q

Why does fibrous capsules have a good nerve supply?

A

To allow for effective proprioception

32
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

Degenerative disease

Effects articular cartilage and weight bearing joints

33
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Affects all synovial joints

Changes in synovium lead to destruction of articular cartilage

An autoimmune disease

34
Q

What does deep fascia do?

A

Divides the limbs into compartments

35
Q

What three types of muscles make up of a functional group?

A

Prime mover

Synergists

Antagonists

36
Q

What separates muscle fibres?

A

Endomysium

37
Q

What lies between fascicles?

A

Perimysium

38
Q

What is the dense sheath on the surface of muscles?

A

Epimysium

39
Q

What are multinucleated muscle cells called?

A

Myocytes

40
Q

What is the effect of myostatin?

A

Inhibition of muscle cell differentiation

MD2001 Week 2 (7 decks)

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