Joints Flashcards
Name for shoulder joint
scapulo-humeral joint
Structure of shoulder joint
ball & socket
Function of shoulder joint
hinge joint (cursorial specialization)
Joint capsule for scapulo-humeral joint
capacious & extends under the tendon of origin of the biceps brachii
thickened laterally & medially into collateral/ glenohumeral ligaments
Ligaments tht keeps biceps brachii tendon in place
transverse humeral ligament
Why are large tendons & muscles recruited for stability of the shoulder joint
shallow glenoid cavity & weak collateral ligaments
Muscles & tendons that help stabilize the shoulder joint
medially: subscapularis & corocobrachialis
laterally: infraspinatus & teres minor
craniomedially: supraspinatus & tendon of biceps brachii
Osteochondriosis dessicans
occurs in goldens, labs, Newfoundlands, Bernese Mtn dogs, & mixed breed
Osteroarthritis
any breed
Injuries related to shoulder joint
medial glenohumeral ligament injury
biceps tendonitis/ tenoynovitis
luxation/ dislocation of the shoulder joint
Although luxation/ dislocation of the shoulder joint is rare, what could cause it
injury to suprascapular nerve
Name for elbow joint
cubital jont (also a compound joint)
Joints that make up the elbow joint
humeroradial joint
humeroulnar joint
radioulnar joint
Joint in elbow that bears most of the weight
humeroradial joint
Part of humeroradial joint that bears most of the weight
capitulum of the humerus (lateral condyle)
Humeroulnar joint is formed b/w
trochlea of the humers (medial condyle)
Is the cubital joint stable
yes-> strong collateral ligaments
Ligaments of cubital joint
medial & lateral collateral ligaments oblique ligaments olecranon ligament annular ligament interrosseus ligament
Medial & lateral collateral ligaments cubital joint
medial & lateral epicondyles to radius/ ulna
Oblique ligament
cranial to medial
Olecranon ligament
caudal, joins medial condyle to olecranon
Annular ligament
cranial to radius; stabilizes proximal radioulnar joint
allows for pronation & supination
Interosseus (radioulnar) ligaments
cover interosseous space b/w radius & ulna
How does the interosseous ligaments change as the dog ages
elastic -> collagen -> ossified tissue
Anconeus muscle
covers margins of olecranon fossa of humerus & olecranon
Cubital joint illnesses
joint incongruity metabolic deficiencies fragmented coronoid process un-united/ fragmented anconeal process luxation/ dislocation of elbow joint
Fragmented coronoid process & un-united/ fragmented anconeal process common in what breeds
Goldens, Labs, Newfoundlands, Bernese Mtn dogs, & mixed breeds
Un-united anconeal process is especially common in German Shephards. What is a pre-disposing factor
ulnar distal growth injury
When can un-united anconeal proces be diagnosed
after 24 weeks
How would luxation/ dislocation of the elbow joint occur
forced medial impact on the forearm or a lateral impact on the arm in a flexed lebow could dislocate the radius & ulna LATERALLY
Does medial luxation of radius & ulna occur
RARE
Joints of the carpus
antebrachiocarpal joint
middle carpal joint
intercarpl joint
carpometacarpal joint
Antebrachiocarpal joint
b/w antebrachial bones & proximal row of carpal bones
Middle carpal joint
b/w two rows of carpal bones
Intercarpal joints
b/w various carpal bones
Carpometacarpal joint
b/w distal row of carpals & metacarpals
Movement of carpus joints
occurs mainly at antebrachiocarpal joint & middle carpal joints
Approach for intra-articular injection
antebrachiocarpal & middle carpal joints
Ligaments of the carpus important features
different ligaments coverthe whole carpus & restrict movement on the median plan
short collateral ligamens span the entire region
Flexor retinaculum on the palmar aspect helps to form what
carpal canal
Ligaments attach the accessory carpal bone to what
metacarpal IV & V
Rows of carpal bones & synovial fluid in joints helps to do what
diffuse concussion
important for when dogs/ cats jump from a height
Palmar seasmoids helps stabilize what
metacarpophalangela joint
Joints of the pelvic girdle
sacroiliac & pelvic symphsysis
Sacroiliac joint made of
combines synovial & cartilaginous (synchondrosis) joint
Pelvic symphysis made of
fibrocartilage (synchrondosis)
Combination of fibrocartilage & joint capsule of sacroiliac joint do what
provides a firm attachment b/w the bones w/ little movement & offers efficient shock absorption
Ligaments of pelvic girdle
dorsal & ventral sacroiliac ligaments sacrotuberous ligament (only in dogs)
Where does sacrotuberous ligament go
runs from caudo-lateral aspect of the sacrum & the first caudal vertebra to the ischiatic tuberosity
forms caudo-dorsal border of lesser ischiatic foramen
Sacrotuberous ligament is the origin for what muscles
biceps femoris, superficial gluteus, priformis, & tenuissimus muscles
Clinical relevance of sacroiliac joint
may become disarticulated due to injury
Name for hip joint
Coxofemoral joint
Structure of hip joint
true ball-&-socket joint (enarthosis) allowing for a considerable range of movements
Acetabulum has an acetabular lip that has what
band of fibrocartilage around its rim
Transverse acetabular ligament
extesnion of acetubalr lip that covers the acetabulr notch
Ligament of the head of the femur/ round ligament of the hip
attaches b/w fovea capitis of femur to the acetabular fossa
Stability of coxofemoral joint
from the depth & extent of acetabulum plus the round ligament of the hip
Postion of hip determined by
greater trochanter
In a luxated/ dislocated hip joint, what happens
strong pull of deep gluteal muscle takes the greater trochanter craniodrosal to the acetabulum
hence, luxated limb appears shorter
Do not call it “hip luxation”; instead say
luxation of the head of the femur or dislocation of the hip joint
Name for the knee joint
stifle joint
Joints that make up the stifle joint
femorotibial joint
femoropatellar joint
femorofabellar joint
tibofibular joint
Femorotibial joint
medial & lateral fibrocartilaginous menisci b/w femoral & tibial condyles
Ligaments of the femorotibial joint
cranial & caudal ligaments meniscofemoral ligaments intermeniscal ligament collateral ligaments cruciate ligaments
Meniscofemoral ligament cranial or caudal
caudal
Intermeniscal ligament cranial or caudal
cranial
How do the menisci & tibia move in relation to one another during joint extension
menisci- caudally
tibia- cranially
Cranial (lateral) cruciate ligament
runs from caudomedial side of lateral femoral condyle, craniodistally to intercondyloid eminence of tibia
Caudal (medial) cruciate ligament
runs from medial condyle of femur, craniodistally to the caudomedial aspect of the popliteal notch on the tibia
How might the cranial (lateral) cruciate ligament rupture
upon extreme extension or inward rotation of the stifle joint; “cranial drawer”
How might the caudal (medial) cruciate ligament rupture
upon flexion of the stifle joint; “caudal drawer”
Cruciate ligaments tighten on inward rotation of the stifle on the femur & assist the collateral ligaments in what
limiting the joints movement
Femoropatellar joint
patella slides on teh femoral trochlea
“Patellar ligament” is a continuation of what that connects to the tibial tuberosity
Quadriceps femoris
Medial & lateral femoropatellar ligaments
connect the fabellae w/ the periosteum of the femoral condyles
Medial & lateral parapatellar fibrocartilages extend proximally over
dorsal border patella
Femorofabellar joint
formed b/w femoral condyles & fabella
Collateral femoropatellar ligaments
connect w/ femoral condyle & patella
Lateral fabella & tendon serve as an important site of anchorage for stifle joint stabilization during
cranial cruciate ligament reconstruction
Tibofibular proximal joint
b/w head of fibula & lateral condyle of tibia
Tibofibular distal joint
b/w distal lateral surface of the tibia & lateral malleolus of the fibula
Tibofibular joint is fused how
short ligaments b/w bones & an interosseus ligament
Menisci compensate for what
incrongruent articular surfaces b/w femur & tibia/fibula
Joint capsule of stifle joint
all 4 joints share an extensive joint capsule
Approach for intra-articular injection
single site
Where is the stifle joint capsule
extends proximally under the patella, tendons of popliteus, Long Digital Extensor, fabellae, & tibiofibular joint
Clinical relavance of luxation of the patella
causes limb to be carried in an extended position
How does luxation of the patella occur
pull of Quadriceps glides patella over the femoral trochlea. If the pull of the Quadriceps does not coincide w/ the axis of the femoral trochlea, luxation occurs
Patella is commonly luxated where
over medial trochlear ridge
Ligametns of the tarsal joint
medial & lateral collateral ligaments transverse ligaments (extensor retinacula) long plantar ligament
Medial collateral ligament
from medial malleolus of tibia to metatarsal II
Lateral collateral ligament
from lateral malleolus of tibia to metatarsal V
Proximal transvere ligament (extensor retinaculum)
holds the tendons of long digital extensor, extesnor hallucis longus, & the cranial tibial
Distal transverse ligament (extensor retinaculum)
holds the tendons of long digital extensor
Long plantar ligament
attaches the tuber calcaneus to the 4th tarsal & the 4th/5th metatarsal
Long plantar ligament may rupture due to
over flexion of the hock or excessive strain
results in hock extension being lost
What runs over long plantar ligament
superficial digital flexor
