Joints Flashcards
What are joints
Connection between bones
A joint occurs where a bone meets a bone and are connected and held together by connective tissue
Ligaments
Attach bones to bones
A sprain
Over stretching of the ligaments
Tendons
Attach muscles to bones
A strain
Over stretching of muscles and tendons
Cartilage
Lines the ends of the bones in the joint area and prevents them from rubbing against each other and wearing bones down
What factors affect the stability of a joint?
The joint capsule, the surrounding ligaments and nearby muscles and tendons
Types of joint- immovable
Where joints are joined together by fibrous connective tissue
Types of joint- slightly movable
where the bones are tightly connected by cartilage or fibrous cartilage
Free movable synovial
Where the ends of the bones are covered with cartilage and are connected by a fibrous capsule
Inside the capsule is a synovial membrane
Surrounded by a joint capsule that enclose the joint cavity
Inner layer of the joint capsule is formed by a synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid. This helps to lubricate the joint and provides nourishment for the articular carriage on the end of the bones
Types of synovial joint
Gliding Hinge Pivot Condyloid Saddle Ball and socket
Pregnancy
The effects of the hormone relaxin will have a significant effect on the stability of synovial joints
Joints will have a greater range of movement
Ageing
Decreasing levels of the hormone oestrogen
Articular cartilage becomes thinner
flexion
to reduce the angle at the joint or to bend a limb
elevation
to lift or raise a joint
adduction
to bring towards or across the midline of the body
lateral flexion
to bend sideways with the trunk or neck
horizontal flexion
a forward movement in a horizontal plane
pronation
to turn the palm down
plantar flexion
to point the toes away from the body (calf raise)
protraction
the shoulders are drawn forwards, rounding the shoulders
rotation
a rotary movement, turning the thoracic spine to the side as in trunk twists
Shoulder
made up of a combo of 3 joints
flexion, extension, absuction and adduction
elbow
hinge joint
flexion and extension
wrist
condyloid joint
flexion extension ablution adduction
hip
ball and socket
flexion extension abduction adduction rotation circumduction
knee
hinge
flexion extension
ankle
hinge
