Bones Flashcards
How many bones does the skeleton have?
206
Name the 2 parts the skeleton is divided into
Axial skeleton (skull, ribs,spine)
Appendicular skeleton (upper and lower limbs, hips, shoulder)
What are the functions of the skeleton?
Movement Storage Protection Shape Production
What does bone marrow do?
Produces red and while blood cells
Body types
Ectomorph- tall, skinny, narrow shoulders and hips
Endomorph- rounded, wide hips, narrow shoulders
Mesomorph- muscular, wide shoulders, narrow hopes
Name the main structures of the skeleton
Pectoral, or shoulder, girdle Upper limbs Pelvic, or hip, girdle Lower limbs Vertebral column, or spine
Pectoral, or shoulder, girdle
- Composed of a double set of 2 bones on the right and left sides of the body
- Each clavicle articulates with a scapula and with the sternum
Scapula
Shoulder blade
Abduction and adduction
Humerus
The upper arm bone
Radius and ulna
Ulna under the radius
The round head of the radius pivots at the elbow and rotates to turn the hand over
The ulna only flexes and extends because it is a hinge joint
Carpals
Bones lying between the wrist
The pelvic, or hip, girdle
-Pelvis supports weight bearing lower limbs
Pelvis
Comprising 2 upper hip bones connected at the back with the sacrym
Femur
Thigh bone
Ball and socket at the junction with the pelvis and a hinge join at the junction with the knee
Tibia and fibula
Lower leg
How many vertebrae are there?
33
Anatomy of the normal spine
Cervical curve
Thoracic curve
Lumbar curve
Sarcral curve
What movements is the spine capable of?
Flexion and extension
Rotation
Lateral flexion and lateral extension
Curvatures of the spine- lordosis
Exaggerated inward curvature of the lumbar spine that gives the lower back a hollowed appearance
Kyphosis
Where an individual has an exaggerated rounding in the thoracic vertebrae
Scoliosis
A lateral, or sideways curvature f the spine which gives the appearance of an S shape
Name the 5 types of bone
Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones Sesamoid bones
Bone growth
- Just 8 weeks after conception, the main bones have already formed in cartilage and connective tussle membranes
- In the middle of these cartilage ‘bones’ some of the cells expand in size and then burst
- Cell contents stimulate the cartilage on the outside to turn to bones
Remodelling- osteoclasts
Remove old bone
Remodelling- osteoblasts
Lay down new bone tissue
Effect of inactivity on bones
Bone not being stimulated to lay down new bone so becomes fragile
Growth spurts
Times when bone growth quickens due to an increase in hormonal activity
Growing bone is vulnerable to damage
Osteoporosis
As we get older minerals tend to be lost in the bones and we may start to suffer from a degenerative process called osteoporosis
Vitamin D
Without it, calcium can’t be absorbed
Calcium
When calcium levels drop, this is instead taken from the bone which may result in weakening
Ossification
Bone growth results from ossification which is not completed until around 25
Structure of long bones
Diaphysis Periosteum Epiphysis Epiphsteal plates Medullary cavity Cavities Articular cartilage
