Joints

Question 1

Functional Classification of Joints

Answer 1

1) Synarthroses (syn = together; arthro = joint): immovable joints
2) Amphiarthroses (amphi = on both sides): slightly movable
3) Diarthroses (dia = through, apart): freely movable

Question 2

Diarthroses

Answer 2

dia = through, apart; arthro = joint freely movable. ex. in the limbs.

Synovial joints (usually)

Question 3

Synarthroses

Answer 3

syn = together; arthro = joint immovable joints ex. in the Axial skeleton

Fibrous joints (usually)

Question 4

Amphiarthroses

Answer 4

amphi = on both sides slightly movable ex. in the Axial skeleton

Question 5

Structural classification of Joints

Answer 5

1) Fibrous = (Suture, Syndesmosis, Gomphosis)
2) Cartilaginous = (Synchondrosis, Symphysis)
3) Synovial = (Plane, Hinge, Pivot, Condylar, Saddle, Ball and socket)

Question 6

Fibrous Joints

Answer 6

Bone ends / parts united by collagen fibers 1) Suture = short fibers / immobile (Synarthrosis) 2) Syndesmosis, = longer fibers / slightly movable (amphiarthrosis) & immobile 3) Gomphosis = periodontal ligament / immobile (synarthrosis)

Question 7

Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 7

Bone ends / parts united by cartillage 1) Synchondrosis = hyaline cartilage / immobile (synarthrosis) 2) Symphysis = fibrocartilage / slightly movable (Amphiarthrosis).

Question 8

Ligament (attachment)

Answer 8

Ligaments attach from bone to bone (Likes to likes)

Question 9

Tendons (attachment)

Answer 9

Attach from bone to muscle

Question 10

Gliding movements

Answer 10

when flat bone surfaces glide or slide over one another. Occur at cartilaginous joints; Ex. = intervertebral discs and sternoclavicular joints.

Question 11

Angular movements (def)

Answer 11

changes in angles between bones; occur only at synovial joints.

Question 12

Angular movements (types)

Answer 12

1. Flexion 2. Dorsiflexion 3. Plantar flexion 4. Extension 5. Hyperextension 6. Abduction 7. Adduction 8. Circumduction 9. Rotation

Question 13

Flexion

Answer 13

Decreasing the angle between 2 bones. Ex= head toward chest.

Question 14

Dorsiflexion

Answer 14

Bringing foot closer to shin

Question 15

Plantar flexion

Answer 15

Pointing one’s toe (flexion toward the sole).

Question 16

Extension

Answer 16

Increasing the angle between 2 bones. Ex. = straightening a flexed neck

Question 17

Hyperextension

Answer 17

Increasing the angle greater than 180o

Question 18

Abduction

Answer 18

Moving a limb away from the midline. Ex = raising arm or thigh laterally;

Question 19

Adduction

Answer 19

moving a limb toward the midline

Question 20

Circumduction

Answer 20

Moving a limb in a circular (cone-shaped) manner. Ex: A pitcher winding up to throw a ball is actually moving his or her pitching arm in a circular position.

Question 21

Rotation

Answer 21

turning movement of a bone along its long axis. Ex. = atlas over axis (i.e. “just say no”), shoulder and hip joint.

Question 22

Special Movements

Answer 22

1) supination / pronation 2) inversion / eversion 3) elevation / depression 4) protraction / retraction

Question 23

supination / pronation

Answer 23

movements between the radius and ulna at the proximal radioulnar joint Ex. thumb up = supination; thumb down = pronation;

Question 24

inversion / eversion

Answer 24

movement of foot; Ex. sole inward = inversion; sole out = eversion

Question 25

elevation / depression

Answer 25

1. Movement in a superior direction. The upper muscle fibers of the trapezius aid in elevating the apex of the shoulder. shoulder shrug = elevation;
2. Movement in an inferior direction, the opposite of elevation. Opposite to the upper fibers, the lower half of the trapezius aids in depressing the apex of the shoulder. mandible in opening mouth = depression.

Question 26

protraction / retraction

Answer 26

thrust forward = protraction, pull back = retraction

Question 27

General structure of synovial joints

Answer 27

Question 28

Knee joint labeled

Answer 28

Question 29

Knee joint labeled

Answer 29

Question 30

Knee joint labeled

Answer 30

Question 31

Types of Synovial joints

Answer 31

1. Plane Joints
2. Hinge joints
3. Pivot joints
4. Condyloid - Ellipsoidal joints
5. Saddle Joints
6. Ball and Socket joints