Integumentary System Flashcards
Components of integumentary system
- skin
- hair
- nails
- associated glands
Functions of integumentary system
- Physical barrier that protects
- tissues and structures from microorganisms,
- physical trauma,
- ultraviolet radiation,
- and dehydration.
- Temperature maintenance,
- Fluid and electrolyte balance,
- Absorption, excretion,
- sensation,
- immunity, and
- vitamin D synthesis.
Arrector pili muscle
- A microscopic band of muscle tissue which connects a hair follicle to the dermis. When stimulated, contract and cause the hair to become more perpendicular to the skin surface (stand on end).
- Forces sebum out of hair follicle to the skin surface for lubrication
- A microscopic band of muscle tissue which connects a hair follicle to the dermis. When stimulated, contract and cause the hair to become more perpendicular to the skin surface (stand on end).
- Forces sebum out of hair follicle to the skin surface for lubrication
Arrector pili muscle
4 major types of cells in epidermis
- Keratinocyte
- Melanocyte
- Langerhans cells ( dendritic cells)
- Merkel cells (sensory cells)
Dendritic cells (name and location)
- Langerhans cells (antigen-presenting immune cells): take up and process microbial antigens to become fully functional antigen-presenting cells.
- In stratum spinosum
Tactile cells (name and location)
Merkel cells:
- Oval receptor cells. They are associated with the sense of light touch discrimination of shapes and textures
- Found in the stratum basale
Layers of the epidermis (Top - Bottom)
(Cuerno Largo con Granos y Spinos en un Baso)
- Stratum Corneum
- Stratum Lucidum
- Stratum Granulosum
- Stratum Spinosum
- Stratum Basale
Stratum Corneum
- The fifth, outermost layer is thick
- 20-30 rows of dead cells.
- Essentially Flat membranous sacs filled with soft keratin.
- Glycolipids in extracellular space.
Stratum Lucidum
Protects against sun ultraviolet-ray damage. This thick layer appears only in frequently used areas such as palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Thick skin epidermis has all five strata.
Stratum Granulosum
- 5 layers of flattened cells
- Organelles deteriorating
- Cytoplasm full of lamellar (“small plate”) granules (release lipids) –> major factor to decrease water loss.
- Keratohyaline granules
Pacinian corpuscle (location in skin)
An encapsulated receptor found in deep layers of the skin (Reticular layer) that senses vibratory pressure and touch.
corpuscle, Meissner’s,
the medium encapsulated nerve endings found in the skin and activated by light touch.
Stratum spinosum
- Several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes
- Cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin
- contains Langerhans cells (dendritic cells)
Stratum Basale
- Deepest epidermal layer
- 1 row of actively mitotic stem cells
- some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers
- Contains melanocytes and dendritic cells (Langerhans) and Merkel cells (tactil)
Dermis layers
Type of tissue
- Papillary layer
- Reticular layer
- Dense irregular connective tissues
Pigments for skin and hair color
- Melanin: yellow to reddish-brown to black pigment • melanocytes [activated by UV] • Freckles & pigmented moles – local accumulations of melanin
- Carotene: yellow to orange pigment • most obvious in the palms and soles of the feet • Precursor vitamin A [important for vision]
- hemoglobin: red, O2-carrying pigment in blood cells
Cyanosis
is the appearance of a blue or purple coloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to the tissues near the skin surface being low on oxygen.
Albinism
is a genetic defect of melanin production that results in little or no color (pigment) in the skin, hair, and eyes.
It is due to absence or defect of tyrosinase, a copper-containing enzyme involved in the production of melanin.
Jaundice
- Is a yellow color of the skin, mucus membranes, or eyes. The yellow coloring comes from bilirubin, a byproduct of old red blood cells.
- Everyday, a small number of red blood cells in your body die, and are replaced by new ones. The liver removes the old blood cells, forming bilirubin. The liver helps break down bilirubin so that it can be removed by the body in the stool.
- Causes: Too many red blood cells are dying or breaking down and going to the liver
- The liver is overloaded or damaged
- The bilirubin from the liver is unable to move through the digestive tract properly
- I is often a sign of a problem with the liver, gallbladder, or pancreas.
- Langerhans cells (antigen-presenting immune cells): take up and process microbial antigens to become fully functional antigen-presenting cells.
- In stratum spinosum
Dendritic cells (name and location)
Merkel cells:
- Oval receptor cells. They are associated with the sense of light touch discrimination of shapes and textures
- Found in the stratum basale
Tactile cells (name and location)
- Stratum Corneum
- Stratum Lucidum
- Stratum Granulosum
- Stratum Spinosum
- Stratum Basale
Layers of the epidermis (Top - Bottom)
(Cuerno Largo con Granos y Spinos en un Baso)
- The fifth, outermost layer is thick
- 20-30 rows of dead cells.
- Essentially Flat membranous sacs filled with soft keratin.
- Glycolipids in extracellular space.
Stratum Corneum
Protects against sun ultraviolet-ray damage. This thick layer appears only in frequently used areas such as palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Thick skin epidermis has all five strata.
Stratum Lucidum
- 5 layers of flattened cells
- Organelles deteriorating
- Cytoplasm full of lamellar (“small plate”) granules (release lipids) –> major factor to decrease water loss.
- Keratohyaline granules
Stratum Granulosum
- Several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes
- Cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin
- contains Langerhans cells (dendritic cells)
Stratum spinosum
- Deepest epidermal layer
- 1 row of actively mitotic stem cells
- some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers
- Contains melanocytes and dendritic cells (Langerhans) and Merkel cells (tactil)
Stratum Basale
is the appearance of a blue or purple coloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to the tissues near the skin surface being low on oxygen.
Cyanosis
is a genetic defect of melanin production that results in little or no color (pigment) in the skin, hair, and eyes.
It is due to absence or defect of tyrosinase, a copper-containing enzyme involved in the production of melanin.
Albinism
- Is a yellow color of the skin, mucus membranes, or eyes. The yellow coloring comes from bilirubin, a byproduct of old red blood cells.
- Everyday, a small number of red blood cells in your body die, and are replaced by new ones. The liver removes the old blood cells, forming bilirubin. The liver helps break down bilirubin so that it can be removed by the body in the stool.
- Causes: Too many red blood cells are dying or breaking down and going to the liver
- The liver is overloaded or damaged
- The bilirubin from the liver is unable to move through the digestive tract properly
- I is often a sign of a problem with the liver, gallbladder, or pancreas.
Jaundice
Vitiligo
- a chronic disorder, depigmentation patches in the skin
- most likely a combination of genetic factors coupled with a disorder of the immune system (autoimmune disease).
Papillary Layer
Papilla = “nipple”
the most superior layer of the dermis. Characterized by papillae, fingerlike projections that interdigitate with the epidermis. Consists primarily of loose (AREOLAR) connective tissue.
- Dermal papillae contains
- capillary loops
- or free nerve endings (Meissner’s corpuscles)
Firction ridges
- Are in the hands’ palms and feet’s soles
- large round projections that arise from the papillary layer = dermal ridges + epidermal ridges
- Good for enhancing gripping and amplifying vibrations
Meissner’s corpuscle
They are a type of nerve ending in the skin that is responsible for sensitivity to light touch.
They are concentrated in areas especially sensitive to light touch, such as the fingers and lips. They are primarily located in glabrous skin just beneath the epidermis within the dermal papillae.
Pacinian Corpuscle
Lamellar corpuscles. They are nerve endings in the skin responsible for sensitivity to vibration and pressure.
Similar in physiology to the Meissner’s corpuscle, Lamellar corpuscles are larger and fewer in number than both Merkel cells and Meissner’s corpuscles.
Anatomy of the hair
The hair can be divided into two parts, the root and shaft. The root part of hair is in the skin (epidermis) of scalp. A pouch like structure called follicle surrounds the hair root. The base of hair root is in the shape of a bulb. Capillaries and nerve fibers indent this bulb. The cells in the center of bulb divide. The newly divided hair cells push the previous cells up. The cells, which move upwards, die slowly forming hard hair shaft.
The hair shaft has three layers the cuticle, medulla and cortex.
- Cuticle is the outer layers and protects the inner layers. It is transparent. Healthy cuticle gives a shiny appearance for hair and unhealthy cuticle gives lifeless look
- Medulla is the innermost layer composed of large cells.
- Cortex is the layer between cuticle and medulla. This contains pigment and keratin. Cortex determines the bulk and strength of hair.
Apocrine sweat glands
1) Location
2) Contents
3) Odorless or not?
4) Function
- axillary and anogenital areas (groin) bearded region of male
- Contains the same as eccrine gland secretions ( hypotonic filtrate of the blood= 99% water, with some salts NaCl, Vitamin C, antibodies, mibrobe-killing peptide dermcidin and traces of metabolic waste (Urea, uric acid, and ammonia)) Plus FATTY SUBSTANCES and PROTEINS
- The secretions are odorless but when bacteria decomposes its organic molecules, it takes an unpleasant odor (BODY ODOR)
- Not known clearly
Eccrine Sweat glands
1) Locations
2) Secretions
3) Actions
- Palms, forhead, sole
- ( hypotonic filtrate of the blood= 99% water, with some salts NaCl, Vitamin C, antibodies, mibrobe-killing peptide dermcidin and traces of metabolic waste (Urea, uric acid, and ammonia). Acidic pH (4-6)
- Cool down the body
Ceruminous glands
1) Location
2) Content
3) Actions
- Lining of the external ear canal
- Sticky, bitter substance called CERUMEN (earwax)
- To deter insects and block entry of foreign material
Identify the parts and type of tissue
Stratified squamous epithelium keritinized
With seabseous glands
Parts of hair root
- Medula
- Cortex
- Cuticle of the hair
Parts of hair follicle
- Internal root sheath
- External root sheath
- Dermal root sheath
Parts of the bulb hair
- Matrix
- Melanocytes
- Papilla of the hair
- Blood vessels
Parts of the nail
- Nail root
- Matrix
- Cuticle
- LUNULA = (small moon”) is the visible part of the matrix. The whitish half moons are keratin cells that have not yet been completely flattened and still have some of their content.
- Nail body
Pigment for red hair
Trichosiderin
Rule of nine for burns
- Face or back of head = 4 1/2 % = total head = 9%
- Anterior or posterior of arm = 4 1/2%; total arms = 18%
- Anterior or posterior trunk = 18%; total trunk = 36%
- Anterior or posterior legs = 9%; total legs = 36%
Actinic Keratosis
- Permalignant skin tumor
- May progress to squamous cell carcinoma
- thickened scaly growth (keratosis) caused by sunlight (actinic)
- looks like aggregates of atypical keratinocytes at the basal layer that may extend upwards to involve the granular and cornified layers
Permalignant skin tumor
Actinic Keratosis
Basal cell carcinoma
- Cells of stratum basale proliferate = invading dermis and hypodermis = skin cancer
- Least malignant and most common 80% of cases
- Slow growing and metastasis seldom
Squamous cell carcinoma
- Keratinocytes from stratum spinosum grow out of control. Dangerous type of cancer
- 2nd most common skin cancer
- Grows rapidly and metastasize in not removed
Melanoma
- melanocytes grow uncontrollable. Most dangerous type of cancer
- highly metastitic and resistant to chemotherapy
Reticular layer
- Consists of dense irregular connective tissue, which differs from the papillary layer (PD), which is made up of mainly loose connective tissue (note the difference in the number of cells).
- The reticular layer of the dermis is important in giving the skin it overall strength and elasticity, as well as housing other important epithelial derived structures such as glands and hair follicles.
Finger prints
- loop = 65% of all fingerprints
- Arch = Plain and tented arch
- Whorl = 30% of all fingerprints (one complete circle
